psy 339 mini 9-11

reproductive justice movement

feminist movement centering around 3 basic rights

1. to have a child under the condition of one’s choosing

2. to not have a child through birth control, abortion, or abstinence

3. to parent children in a safe and healthy environments free from violence by individuals or state

Reproductive Movement Expansive efforts include

1. equity in decisions surrounding pregnancy

2. ability to raise children who are wanted and able to thrive in healthy and sustainable communities

3. additional focus on marginalized communities that tend to be disproportionally affected

stratified reproduction

where people of different races, classes, ethnicities, sexual orientation, and or nationality have differing access to reproductive health and fertility treatments

Rapp and Ginsberg (1995)

power relations by which some categories of people are empowered to nurture and reproduce, while others are disempowered

voluntary childlessness (child-free)

choice to not have children

Peterson: uses childree because childless implies missing something

Childfree early articulators

early on decide do not want children

childfree postponers

may eventually have children but delay decision

Childree Societal evaluations

negative - women seen as less true, bitter, less fufilled, less happy

“you’’ll change your mind”

high levels of autonomy or achievement orinetation (not always true)

motherhood mandate

social pressures on women to have children

woman=womb=mother

compulsory motherhood

cultural belief that all women should have children

motherhood mystique: beliefs about motherhood itself

• ultimate fulfillment as a women is achieved through motherhood

• women are naturally good at caregiving

• a mother has infinite patience and willingness to sacrifice herself to her children

• woman’s intense, full time devotion to mothering is best for children

abortion stats

• rate has been declining since 1981 due to increased access to contraception and decreased sexual activity

• most abortions occur in first trimester

• late term (after 21 weeks) account for 1% of abortions

Goverment regulations of abortion

1973 Roe v Wade made abortion federally legal

2022 Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health organization gave states power to make legal or not

Impact of Dobbs Case

• black and latina individuals travel to different state

• delayed access to safe and timely abortions

• those with fewer resurces

• criminilation of providers

• increased morality

2008 American psychology report concluded that abortion doesnt result in negative mental health outcomes but unplanned pregnancy is significantly stressful

• women who were allowed to uave abortions were less likely to experience mental health problems than women who were denied abortions and carried to term

• childnre born to parents who say pregancy was unwanted are at greater risk for cognitive, emotional, and social problems

Kumar et al (2009)

stigma associated with abortion can cause extreme stress and amek women hesitate to seek social support

Average age of First child

1960 - 21

2003 - 24

2014 - 26

2021 - 27

Experiencing Pregnancy

• White, able bodied, upper middle, are treated with kindness and benevolent sexism

• black, poor, single, or teenage women are often negatively stereotyped

First Stage of labor and childbirth

few hours to days long, uterine contractions every 5 minutes and cervix dilates to 10 cm

Second stage of labor and childbirth

minutes to hours long, contractions move baby down vagina until ends in birth

third stage of labor and childbirth

20 minutes, placent seperates from uterine wall and is expelled

US Medical Model of Childbirth

• lying on back makes it harder to give birth but easier for doctors

• use of drugs

• Increase in C section births (325)

Childbirth Risks

maternal mortality is hemorrhage, heart conditions, and infection - 60% of these cased are deemed prvenetable

Why does maternal mortality exist?

societal + instituional + structural racism = toxic physiological stress that can lead to pre-eclampsia, hypternsion, etc.

Dr Geronimus

weathering stress results in black women being 7.5 years older than bioloical age of white women

fourth trimester

first 6 weeks after baby is born

baby blues

profound identity shift in identity that causes crying, poor sleep, irritabilty

postpartum depression

feelings of sadness, anxiety, exhaustion, guilt and worthlessness lasting at least 2 weeks

postpartum anxiety

fear, worry, sense of dread, obsessive checking, difficulty sleeping, dizziness, fears/intrusive thoughts of intentionally harming one’s chil

mothering

act of caring for and raising a child

maternal gatekeeping

mothers limiting how involved fathers are allowed to be in caring for children

intensive parenting (leads to high levels of stress and anxiety)

idea that parents, especially mothers, are expected to be:

• fully immersed

• seek expert advice

• engage children in cognitively simulating activities in order to ensure optimal brain development

• feel ultimately fulfilled

attachment parenting

form of intensive parenting that focuses on meeting childrens needs on their own schedule

mother blame

mothers tend to be held solely responsible for the actions, health, and behaviors, and well-being of their children

(maternal employment correlates to academic success in childern)

Equal pay act 1964 made it legal to pay women less than men for same work

• pay gap steadily became narrower until 1994, has hardly changed over next 20 years

• in 2021 women earn 82% of men

motherhood wage penalty

tendency for mothers to earn less than non-mothers do

women have higher rates of poverty than men do BUT

women has achieved higher levels of education in the last 25 years

womens choices are significantly constrained in work-family balance

framing women'‘s work decision as a choice may lead to ignoring the structural factors that affect women’s involvement at work

• motherhood penalty and inequity in division of labor tend to reinforce each other

horizontal occupational gender segregation

tendency of people to cluster into different professions based on gender identity

vertical occupational gender segregation

the tendency for en to hold positions with higher status, authority, and pay than women, trans, individuals of any given field

comparable worth

idea that jobs requiringa the same education and skill giving similar value should pay the same wage

access discrimation

discrimination in hiring

unequal access to positions

treatment discrimination

unequal treament once hired in the workplace

Streinpreis, Anders, and Rizke (1999) Sex roles

• when evaluating identical applixation packages male and female university psychology professors preferred brian over karen as an assistant profesor 2:1

• when evaluating a more experienced record, reservations were expressed four times mor often when the name was female

Bertrand and Mullainahtan (2004)

applicants with african american sounding names had to send 15 resumes to get a callback compared to 10 needed by applicants with typically white sounding names

white sounding names yieled callbacks as an additional 8 years of experience

glass ceiling

a barrier tha keeps woman from rising to highest levels of leadership

labryinth

twists, turns, and obstacles that wome face in workplaces

sticky floor

tendecy for women to remain at bottom of an organizational hiearchy

glass escalator

tendency for men to be promoted to leadership positions rapidly when they work in traditionally female-dominated fields

glass cliff

tendency for women to be promoted to leadership positions precisely when a company is in precarious positions or at risk of failure

double bind

situations in which either course of actions results in negative outcome

women are in double bind when negotiating salaries and benefits

• women tend to negotiate less than men

• when women do negotiate, they are evaluated more negatively

unpaid work at work

women’s communal contributions at work (eg note taking and coordinating birthday celebrations)

• interferes with womens ability to contribute in ways that are more highly valued

Kanter/Yoder (Tokenization)

a member of socially marginalized group whose group makes up less than 15% of the workforce in a workplace setting

Negative Effects of Tokenization

• increased scrutiny

• social isolation and being seen in stereotyped ways

• being asked to to additional work

• conditions improve as more members of a group enter a given workplace or the discipline as a whole

identity shifting

changing one’s language and cultural behaviors in order to cope with the hypervisibility of being tokenized

Williams et al (2014)

prove it again bias: “women often have to provide more evidence of competence than men in order to be seen as equally competent

MacNell et all

student evaluations are biased by gender

Types of workplace harassment

gender, unwanted sexual attention, sexual coercion

gender harassment

expressing contempt and hostiliy toward women

unwanted sexual attention

unwanted attempts toe stablish romantic or sexual relationships

sexual coercion

occurs when a supervisor requests sexual favors in exchange for workplace benefits or to prevent negative events

work family conflict

occurs when work interfereis with family obligations or family life interferes with work

role enhancement theory

idea that people can experience an increase in energy and well-being when they are engaged in multiple roles

work-family enrichemnt

two way process in which what happens at works benefits family life and vice versa

sandwich generation

individuals, primarily women, whose work and hobbies nee to fit between eldercare responsibilities and raising children

FMLA

provides 12 weeks of unpaid leave for birth, adoption, or foster-care placement of a child but doesnt apply to 44% of americans

gender based violence

form of violence that is movtivated by anger, hatred, or bias because of a person’s sex/gender

structural violence

involves systematic ways in which social structures hurt or otherwise disadvantage certain people

includes: racism, sexism, prejudice against religious groups

imperialism

a practice that extends a country’s power through diplomacy, war, or both

militarism

priorization and justification of military values within both military and civilian life

cultural spillover theory

widespread cultural support for violence leading to increase acceptability of violence in other aspects of life

Worldwide violence of women and chidren

women and children account for 80% of war casualties and 50% of refugees

sexual assault

term that refers to different types of sexual abuse, including rape, attempted rape, unwanted sexual touching and or sexual harrasment

Rape statistics

¼ women in the united states will be raped in their lifetime

rape myth

a false belief about how and why rape occurs

victim blaming

a type of blame tat shifts responsibility away from the perpetrator and onto the survivor

Myth about rape is commited by stranger study findings

33% of perpetrators were intimate partners, 39% acquaintances, family members 2.5%, and strangers 19.5%

tonic immobility

an involuntary frozen body response that occurs in high-fear situations

incapacitated rape

when someone rapes a person who is intoxicated unconscious or asleep

myth: people are partially responsible for being raped based on their clothing and behavior

reality: the only person responsible for rape is the rapist

myth: sexual force is a normal aspect of male sexuality

reality: there is on evidence that force is a normal aspect of a male sexuality

myth: rape only happens to heterosexual women

reality: rape can happen to anyone

1/26 boys are victims of rape

1/9 mens were made to pentrate

affirmative consent

mutual, explicit, voluntary active consent that is given before a secual act

domestic violence

any abusive, violent, coercive, forceful or threatening act by one member of a family or household toward another

intimate partner violence

form of domestic violence involving violence by one member of an intimate couple

learned hopefulness

belief that abuser can change, which can contribute to survivors remaining committed to abusive relationships

coercive power

a type of power that leads to survivors to think they will experience negative consequence if they do not comply with their abusers’ demands

Women at great risk for IPV

young, trans, low income, have children, pregnant, bisexual, undocumented immigrants, people with disabilities, sex workers, people experiencing homelessness,

Acts of aggression motivated by anger, hatred, or bias due to a person’s sex/gender are BEST known as

gender based violence

When perpetrators of rape are intoxicated, they are blamed __________; when victims of rape are intoxicated, they are blamed __________.

less; more

Which of the following is reason that most aligns with the concerns of feminist scholars like Aya Gruber about the limitations of the criminal justice system in addressing gender-based violence?

the criminal justice system punishes already marginalized people and may incarcerate those who themselves may be survivors of violence

Which of the following statements best explains the link between objectification and risk for sexual violence?

objectification reduces empathy towards others who are seen as less human

Which of the following best describes cultural spillover theory as characterized in the text?

Widespread cultural support for military violence promotes acceptance of other forms of violence.

Which of the following statements is most aligned with transnational feminism as described in the text?

Although military intervention may be justified on the basis of female empowerment, girls and women are directly and indirectly harmed by military intervention.

A study of female rape survivors found that __________ rape, or rape perpetrated by an intimate partner or someone known to the victim, is much more common than stranger rape.

acquaintance

One’s capacity to adapt to trauma or stress is BEST known as

resiliency

Which of the following is true of materials produced by the adult entertainment industry?

They both implicitly and explicitly link sexual content with aggression.

Which of the following statements BEST illustrates the dark side of resiliency?

resiliency shifts too much responsibility onto the survivors

The most common type of mood disruption that women experience after birth is known as

baby blues