World Civ II - Chapter 8 - Revolutions in Latin America

Grito de Dolores

This plan called for overthrowing the government, abolishing slavery and tribute, redistributing wealth, and returning land to the Indigenous, as well as respect for the Virgin of Guadalupe. Sparked mass uprisings against Spanish Colonial Rule in Mexico

Constitution of 1812 Spain

Liberal Spanish constitution that limited rights for people of African ancestry

Monroe Doctrine

Early U.S. foreign policy opposing European interference in the Americas

Plan de Iguala

This plan combined both conservative and radical views and was based on principles known as the Three Guarantees: independence, religion, and equality. Called for Mexican independence while preserving Catholicism

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan leader who dreamed of a united Latin America

Jose de San Martin

Argentine general who led independence campaigns in the south

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of Haitian Revolution who defeated French forces

Miguel Hidalgo

Priest who launched Mexico’s first independence uprising

To create one large united federation of republics in Spanish South America

Which of the following best describes Simón Bolívar’s vision for Latin America?

the elites in society who were born on the Iberian peninsula

Who were the peninsulares?

They worried that it would create popular uprisings among the indigenous and enslaved people

Why did creole elites in Spanish America initially hesitate to support independence?

It was achieved through a gradual process under the leadership of the Portuguese royal family

How did Brazil’s independence differ from that of Spanish America?

Austria, Prussia, and Russia

What countries were in the Holy Alliance?

an end to Brazil being viewed as a colony and instead seen as equal to Portugal

When the Portuguese monarchy moved to Brazil in the 1810s, what did it lead to?

White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies

What were peninsulares?

White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas

What were creoles?

those ideas justified their desire for more social and political authority

During the Bourbon Era, why did the creole elite adopt Enlightenment ideas?

a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on what were thought to be inherited characteristics

To what did the term casta in Spanish America refer?

tried to stimulate trade and economic development in the Spanish colonies

Under the intendancy system, what did the Bourbon kings in Spain do?

the granting of political equality to all people

What measure taken by radical French revolutionaries provoked insurrections in the Americas?

Haitian

What country was founded after a successful revolt by enslaved people?

the large-scale participation of the Indigenous and mixed-race labor force

What was one characteristic of the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico?

the church hierarchy

What socioeconomic group was stronger at the end of Mexico’s struggles for independence?

received no significant foreign assistance

The South American wars of independence _____.

the abolition of slavery

What was the most important action taken by the Congress of Cúcuta?

a republican system with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite

What did Simón Bolívar’s political program for Gran Colombia envision?

whether Bolívar or San Martín should have the glory of completing the struggle for independence

What was the most critical issue discussed at the Guayaquil Conference?

ended Brazil's colonial status and made it a kingdom on equal footing with Portugal

What did the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil do?

arrival of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro in 1808

What was the event that precipitated the declaration of Brazil's independence?

Brazil was governed by a monarch even after it became independent.

How did Brazil differ from the former Spanish colonies after achieving its independence?

Grito do Ipiranga

the “cry” of Ipiranga, Pedro I’s declaration of Brazilian independence, made at the Ipiranga River in 1822

Cádiz Cortes

the central Spanish junta established in the city of Cádiz that coordinated Spanish resistance to the French occupation

creoles

in Spanish colonies, American-born White people of European descent

intendancy system

the centralizing administrative system in Spanish America whereby local governments were run by governors

juntas

deliberative or administrative councils in Spain and Spanish America

peninsulares

in Spanish colonies, European-born White people from Spain

viceroyalty

an administrative subdivision of the Spanish Empire, ruled by a direct representative of the king

Virgin of Guadalupe

the apparition of the Virgin Mary who is said to have appeared to the Aztec peasant Juan Diego and later became the national symbol and patron saint of Mexico