RSM 456 Review

What is definition of administration according to Theio Haimann?

Administration means overall

determination of policies, setting of

major objectives, the identification of

general purposes and laying down of

broad programmes and projects.

What is the definition of management?

The process of coordinating and integrating resources in order to effectively and efficiently achieve organization goals and objectives.

What is the sport manager responsible for?

Achieving the sport organization's objectives through efficient and effective use of resources.

What is the difference between management and administration?

Management is a executive function while administration is a determinative function.

Administration makes the important decisions for

whole organization; management makes the

decisions within the confines of the framework, which

is set up by the administration.

What is administration mainly used in?

Government, military, religious, and educational organizations.

What is management mainly used in?

Business enterprises.

What is the levels of leadership from highest to lowest?

1. Administrative

2. Supervisory

3. Direct

What is the levels of management from highest to lowest?

1. Top managers

2. Middle managers

3. Frontline managers

A large WSJ/Gallup survey indicated what traits makes a successful manager?

Integrity, industriousness, and ability to get along with others

What three management skills are key for a manager?

Conceptual - Ability to understand abstract ideas, the organization as a whole and the relationships among its parts.

Human Relations - effective internal and external interaction with people

Technical - Involves process or technique knowledge and proficiency.

What are some management functions?

Planning - setting goals

Organizing - specifying jobs

Leading - influencing staff

Controlling - measuring performance of organization

How can a manager provide philosophical leadership?

Defining and reformulating organization's statement of purpose

Formulating specific goals and objectives which change over time

Plan short and long term goals

Help agency employees understand and accept value system

What is the definition of a theory?

A set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomenon by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining natural phenomenon.

How can a theory be used?

Describe what is happening in the environment

Help us make sense of behavior

Predict behaviors that might occur

Control outcomes

Which theories were widely accepted and put into practice in the late 19th and early 20th century?

Classical Management Theories

What is the definition of the Max Weber and Bureaucracy theory?

Roles, functions, and processes were precisely defined and enforced with strict regulation to enforce conformity and eliminate dysfunctional job performance.

What are the characteristics of a Bureaucracy?

Division of labor and task specialization

Hierarchical authority

Formal selection

Formal rules and regulations

Impersonal relationships

Career orientation

What was the foundation of Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management?

Considered most job assignments poorly designed and inefficient so he carried out time and motion studies to determine most eficient ways to accomplish task.

What are the four principles of scientific management

1. Study work and determine the most efficient way to perform specific tasks.

2. Match workers to their jobs based on capability and motivation, and train them to work at maximum efficiency.

3. Monitor worker performance, and provide instructions and supervision to ensure using the most efficient ways of working

4. Allocate the work between managers and workers so that the managers spend their time planning and training, allowing the workers to perform their tasks efficiently.

What are the 5 functions of a manager based on Fayol's Principles of Management?

Planning

Organizing

Commanding

Coordinating

Controlling

What are the 14 principles of Fayol?

Division of Labor

Authority

Discipline

Unity of Command

Unity of Direction

Subordination of individual interests

Remuneration

Centralization

Scalar Chain

Order

Equity

Stability of personnel tenure

Initiative

Esprit de corps

What are the shortcomings of classical management?

Oversimplification of management and jobs

Lack of concern for the human element

How was the the Behavioral Era of Management sparked?

By the Hawthorne Experiments

What did the Hawthorne Experiments do for management?

It highlighted worker's needs while finding that changes in work hours, lighting, rest periods, and similar elements improved productivity and reduced absenteeism.

What conclusions did the Hawthorne Experiments draw?

Financial incentives did not increase productivity.

Workers would work harder if they felt managers were concerned about their well-being

Work norms drove productivity by establishing standards for a fair day's work

Social environment

What are Theory X and Theory Y in Douglas McGregor's theory?

Theory X held that most workers had an inherent dislike of work and would avoid it if possible.

theory Y held that for may people, work could be truly satisfying and enjoyable if given opportunity to exercise creative self-direction and work toward goals that they saw as truly challenging.

True or False: McGregor viewed Theory Y to more valid and reasonable than Theory X.

True

Maslow's Human Needs Hierarchy consisted of what 5 needs?

Self-actualization

Esteem

Love

Safety

Physiological

What is Herzber's Hygiene and Motivator Factors?

Hygiene - deal with the job environment and include working conditions, company policies, pay, fringe benefits

Motivators - responsibility, recognition, advancement opportunities

What emphasis did Systems Theory place?

On interaction among elements in an organization or between organization and surrounding environment.

What are the elements of a system?

Inputs - resources

Outputs - the outcome

What is the main focus of Total Quality Management(TQM)?

Quality from the customer's perspective and making it the basis of everything the organization does.

What are eight key best practices emerging from TQM?

1. Organizations must be driven by clearly-defined values

2. Organizations must have a known vision for where they are healed

3. Organizations should be customer driven

4. Managers must recognize the contributions of employees

5. Managers must foster collaboration among staff, encourage cooperation, and treat employees as valuable assets.

6. Organizations must continually train and invest in employees, who are greatest assets.

7. Manager must give employees the freedom to take risks so they learn from their mistakes and foster innovation and change.

8. Organizations must create a culture of trust among all employees that precipitates honesty, integrity, and ethical behavior.

What is the focus of learning organizations?

Agencies instill the value of learning and education as means to developing individual staff members and organization as a whole.

What are the five disciplines required for Learning Organizations?

1. Systems thinking - most important

2. Personal Mastery - workers must commit and have personal vision of where they want to be and what they want to accomplish.

3.Mental Models - learning organizations force people to scrutinize their mental models to see how the models progress

4. Shared Vision - unified vision for where it is going and how it is going to get there

5. Team Learning - workers need positive group interaction involving group dialogue and skillful discussion

What is the focus of Outcomes-Based Management?

Management philosophy in which the agency carefully plans and sets priorities with the purpose of realizing quality results rather than quantified results.

What is the focus of Strategic Management?

Assumes planning improves performance by setting strategies that the staff tries to achieve to strengthen the overall organization

What is the purpose of a organizational structure?

Reviewing and continuing to develop or improve organizational structure and relationship with supervisory boards, commissions, or other advisory groups.

Oversee performance of each

administrative unit

Encourage coordination and cooperative

action

What are the six elements of organizational structure?

Work specialization - how narrow the focus of a job is

Departmentalization - how jobs are grouped together

Chain of command - line of authority

Span of control - number of subordinates who report directly to an executive or supervisor

Centralization - extent to which decision making is concentrated at one or a few points in the org.

Formalization - degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized

What is the definition of organizational design?

Means of arranging and incorporating organizational structure which is depicted in the form of an organizational chart.

What are the four common organizational designs?

Simple - Flat organization characterized by wide span of control, low departmentalization, little formalization, and centralized decision making.

Bureaucracies - Highly formalized jobs guided by rules, regulations, and policies.

Team-Based - Teams are different from groups which results in more interaction and interdependence from each team

Matrix - Brings together the concepts of the teams and bureaucracies which causes function and departmentalism.

Which organizational design works best with small agencies?

Simple

Which organizational design works best with stable environments and gives a feeling of function?

Bureaucracies

What are the two common teams in a team-based design?

Self-managed and problem-solving

What is characteristics of groups in a team-based design?

Focuses on sharing ideas,

information, perspectives of the

members

One leader

Emphasizes individual

accountability

Focuses on the goals of

individuals

Individual roles, responsibilities,

tasks, procedures, assignments

Individual work products

What are the characteristics of teams in a team-based design?

Focuses on making decisions,

discussing issues, solving problems,

planning for the future

Shared leadership

Emphasizes mutual/group

accountability

Focuses on the collective and

common goals of the entire team

Shared roles, responsibilities, tasks,

assignments

Collective work products

What is the strength and weakness of matrix design?

Strength: brings together expertise from

different areas and can be highly efficient

and effective

Weakness: breaks the unity of command

What is organizational culture?

The personality of the organization. (Shared norms, values, beliefs, and expectations that bind together and distinguish the agency from others.)

What are the three levels of organizational culture from highest to lowest?

1. Artifacts - most tangible, easy to observe but can be hard to understand.

2. Espoused Beliefs - things that the staff has developed to show the outside world who the organization is.

3. Underlying Assumptions - most deeply ingrained level; unwritten rules that guide behavior.

What does artifacts include?

Look of facilities and furnishings, way staff dresses, how staff interacts with each other and public, and the language used.

What does espoused beliefs include?

Slogans, values, vision, and mission statements.

True or False: Underlying Assumptions is often taken for granted that someone who does not hold them is a "foreigner" and they can be extremely difficult to change.

True.

The roots of American College Sport go back to England and what two of its principal universities?

Oxford and Cambridge

What sport was played in the first intercollegiate competition in England?

Cricket

Which two American Institutions of higher education were chartered before the American Revolution?

Harvard and Yale

What sport was used in the first intercollegiate competition between Harvard and Yale?

Rowing

How was the boating race possible?

Sponsored by James Elkin and the Boston, Concord, & Montreal Railroad Company.

True or False: By 1900, Universities wouldn't been known for their athletics.

False (By 1900, Universities would be best known for their athletic programs since the a lot of the public knew the schools because of it.)

Early collegiate athletics were ran by whom?

Student-athletes

Which college hired the first professional coach in 1864?

Yale

True or False: Early head coaches were paid higher than the most highest paid professors in the university.

True

When do facility begin to take control from student athletes with their athletic programs?

1880s

By the 1900, who had taken control of athletic programs at most institutions

Boards of athletic control created by faculty.

In 1905, what organization was founded after a meeting to restore order?

NCAA

True or False: Athletic programs can attract, generate, or lose large sums of money and is often the university's most visible component.

True

What is institutional control defined by the NCAA?

Efforts institutions make to comply with NCAA legislation and to detect and investigate violations that do occur.

What is the definition of internal divisions?

Functions that deal with the inside functions of a department or business.

What can an internal division include?

Academic Support Systems

Business/Finance

Computing

Equipment Room

Facility/Event Management

Food Service

Video Services

What is the definition of external operations?

Interacting with business and functional environments that traditionally take place away from the organization, but are still essential.

What can an external operation include?

Merchandising

Licensing

Development/Fundraising

Broadcast Operations

Special Events

Media/Public Relations

Marketing/Promotions

Who is the top tier of leadership in intercollegiate athletics?

Athletic Director

What is the responsibility of a Athletic Director?

Acts as CEO and focuses primarily on strategic decisions, planning, and revenue generation.

What is the University Administration composed of?

Governing boards

President/Chancellor

Athletics committee

Faculty Athletics Representative

What is the purpose of athletics conferences?

To organize and promote athletics completion between member schools.

What is the definition of management drivers?

The organization's values, vision, mission, goals, and objectives.

What is the definition of values?

The principles, guidelines, or standards that an individual, community, or society consider important.

What is the definition of organizational values?

The underlying principles that drive decision making, corporate culture, priorities. These values can be shared if they are embraced by the organization's entire staff.

Who forms the values in an organization?

1. Member values come from the staff.

2. Leader values come from top managers.

3. Societal values come from the community, customer, and society.

What is the definition of a vision?

An ideal and unique image of the future for the common good.

What question does the vision of an organization answer?

Where does the organization want to be?

What is the main characteristic of a vision statement?

Being a realistic and achievable, yet optimistic and ambitious goal.

What is the definition of a mission?

A more detailed extension of the values and vision of an organization. This provides the organization with a philosophical direction.

What is the purpose of a mission statement?

Concise purpose statement that reflects the organization's value system and inspires ongoing commitment.

What are some characteristics of a mission statement?

Reflects what the organization wants to

accomplish in the larger environment

Sets the stage for all of the agency's

activities

Announces to external parties the unique

role and function of agency

If too narrow, restricts growth and range of

service

Provide common direction for individuals

Motivate and inspire employees

Assist decision-making

Provide continuity of purpose

How does the process of the three core management drivers goes?

Values - Who we are

Vision - Where we're going

Mission - How we get there

What is the definition of goals?

Broad statements of intent set by organizations to guide actions.

What are some factors that influence goals?

Wishes of members, community residents, or other stakeholders.

Input of boards, commissions, and advisory groups.

Legal mandates

Political and social factors

Practical factors such as funding and physical resources

What are the two categories of goals?

Operational(internal) -organization's

continual effort to make effective decisions,

use its resources effectively, adapt to

changing circumstances

Outcome-directed (external) - represent

positive results that the organization seeks

to accomplish through programming.

What is the definition of objectives?

Specific, measurable statements that serve as steps to achieving goals.

What does the SMART in SMART Objectives stand for?

Specific

Measurable

Achievable

Realistic

Time-related

What are the two things that make an organization successful?

Efficiency - concerned with minimizing the amount of resources that an organization wastes.

Effectiveness - refers to how capable an organization is of achieving its goals and objectives.

How can we measure Efficiency and Effectiveness?

►Participation in programs, facility use, and

product purchases

►Looking at monetary and human resources

are used in relation to quality of products

and services

►Support in political realm

What is the definition of risk?

The possibility of suffering harm from

a hazard that can cause personal injury,

death, property damage, economic loss, or

environmental damage.

What is the definition of risk management?

An operational

approach that is designed to reduce or

prevent accidents and injuries or other

health hazards and that seeks to prevent

financial loss stemming from them.

What is the definition of liability?

Situation in which an individual

or organization is subject to lawsuit

because of failure to carry out certain

responsibilities as defined by law or within

contractual agreement.

What are the two types of liabilities?

Tort - Civil wrong committed on a person or property outside of contractual relationship

Contract - Legal claims that may be made, leading to a condition of liability based on charges of failure to perform as contracted

What is the definition of negligence?

An unintentional tort that results in injury

What are the four elements of negligence?

1. Duty - a special relationship established inherently, voluntarily, or statutorily between the parties.

2. Breach (of duty): The causing damage

3. Causation - reasonably or sufficiently close casual connection between the conduct of the agency or individual and the resultant injury or loss to another

4. Damage - actual injury

What are some defenses to negligence?

Assumption of risk - plaintiffs may not

recover for damages (injuries received)

when they voluntarily subjected themselves

to a known and appreciated danger

Comparative negligence - allows plaintiffs to recover even if they contributed to their own accident

Statute of limitations - the maximum

amount of time that a plaintiff can wait

before bringing a lawsuit

What is the definition of intellectual property?

A creative or artistic work that has commercial value and is protected by copyright, patent, or trademark laws.