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What is definition of administration according to Theio Haimann?
Administration means overall
determination of policies, setting of
major objectives, the identification of
general purposes and laying down of
broad programmes and projects.
What is the definition of management?
The process of coordinating and integrating resources in order to effectively and efficiently achieve organization goals and objectives.
What is the sport manager responsible for?
Achieving the sport organization's objectives through efficient and effective use of resources.
What is the difference between management and administration?
Management is a executive function while administration is a determinative function.
Administration makes the important decisions for
whole organization; management makes the
decisions within the confines of the framework, which
is set up by the administration.
What is administration mainly used in?
Government, military, religious, and educational organizations.
What is management mainly used in?
Business enterprises.
What is the levels of leadership from highest to lowest?
1. Administrative
2. Supervisory
3. Direct
What is the levels of management from highest to lowest?
1. Top managers
2. Middle managers
3. Frontline managers
A large WSJ/Gallup survey indicated what traits makes a successful manager?
Integrity, industriousness, and ability to get along with others
What three management skills are key for a manager?
Conceptual - Ability to understand abstract ideas, the organization as a whole and the relationships among its parts.
Human Relations - effective internal and external interaction with people
Technical - Involves process or technique knowledge and proficiency.
What are some management functions?
Planning - setting goals
Organizing - specifying jobs
Leading - influencing staff
Controlling - measuring performance of organization
How can a manager provide philosophical leadership?
Defining and reformulating organization's statement of purpose
Formulating specific goals and objectives which change over time
Plan short and long term goals
Help agency employees understand and accept value system
What is the definition of a theory?
A set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomenon by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining natural phenomenon.
How can a theory be used?
Describe what is happening in the environment
Help us make sense of behavior
Predict behaviors that might occur
Control outcomes
Which theories were widely accepted and put into practice in the late 19th and early 20th century?
Classical Management Theories
What is the definition of the Max Weber and Bureaucracy theory?
Roles, functions, and processes were precisely defined and enforced with strict regulation to enforce conformity and eliminate dysfunctional job performance.
What are the characteristics of a Bureaucracy?
Division of labor and task specialization
Hierarchical authority
Formal selection
Formal rules and regulations
Impersonal relationships
Career orientation
What was the foundation of Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management?
Considered most job assignments poorly designed and inefficient so he carried out time and motion studies to determine most eficient ways to accomplish task.
What are the four principles of scientific management
1. Study work and determine the most efficient way to perform specific tasks.
2. Match workers to their jobs based on capability and motivation, and train them to work at maximum efficiency.
3. Monitor worker performance, and provide instructions and supervision to ensure using the most efficient ways of working
4. Allocate the work between managers and workers so that the managers spend their time planning and training, allowing the workers to perform their tasks efficiently.
What are the 5 functions of a manager based on Fayol's Principles of Management?
Planning
Organizing
Commanding
Coordinating
Controlling
What are the 14 principles of Fayol?
Division of Labor
Authority
Discipline
Unity of Command
Unity of Direction
Subordination of individual interests
Remuneration
Centralization
Scalar Chain
Order
Equity
Stability of personnel tenure
Initiative
Esprit de corps
What are the shortcomings of classical management?
Oversimplification of management and jobs
Lack of concern for the human element
How was the the Behavioral Era of Management sparked?
By the Hawthorne Experiments
What did the Hawthorne Experiments do for management?
It highlighted worker's needs while finding that changes in work hours, lighting, rest periods, and similar elements improved productivity and reduced absenteeism.
What conclusions did the Hawthorne Experiments draw?
Financial incentives did not increase productivity.
Workers would work harder if they felt managers were concerned about their well-being
Work norms drove productivity by establishing standards for a fair day's work
Social environment
What are Theory X and Theory Y in Douglas McGregor's theory?
Theory X held that most workers had an inherent dislike of work and would avoid it if possible.
theory Y held that for may people, work could be truly satisfying and enjoyable if given opportunity to exercise creative self-direction and work toward goals that they saw as truly challenging.
True or False: McGregor viewed Theory Y to more valid and reasonable than Theory X.
True
Maslow's Human Needs Hierarchy consisted of what 5 needs?
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love
Safety
Physiological
What is Herzber's Hygiene and Motivator Factors?
Hygiene - deal with the job environment and include working conditions, company policies, pay, fringe benefits
Motivators - responsibility, recognition, advancement opportunities
What emphasis did Systems Theory place?
On interaction among elements in an organization or between organization and surrounding environment.
What are the elements of a system?
Inputs - resources
Outputs - the outcome
What is the main focus of Total Quality Management(TQM)?
Quality from the customer's perspective and making it the basis of everything the organization does.
What are eight key best practices emerging from TQM?
1. Organizations must be driven by clearly-defined values
2. Organizations must have a known vision for where they are healed
3. Organizations should be customer driven
4. Managers must recognize the contributions of employees
5. Managers must foster collaboration among staff, encourage cooperation, and treat employees as valuable assets.
6. Organizations must continually train and invest in employees, who are greatest assets.
7. Manager must give employees the freedom to take risks so they learn from their mistakes and foster innovation and change.
8. Organizations must create a culture of trust among all employees that precipitates honesty, integrity, and ethical behavior.
What is the focus of learning organizations?
Agencies instill the value of learning and education as means to developing individual staff members and organization as a whole.
What are the five disciplines required for Learning Organizations?
1. Systems thinking - most important
2. Personal Mastery - workers must commit and have personal vision of where they want to be and what they want to accomplish.
3.Mental Models - learning organizations force people to scrutinize their mental models to see how the models progress
4. Shared Vision - unified vision for where it is going and how it is going to get there
5. Team Learning - workers need positive group interaction involving group dialogue and skillful discussion
What is the focus of Outcomes-Based Management?
Management philosophy in which the agency carefully plans and sets priorities with the purpose of realizing quality results rather than quantified results.
What is the focus of Strategic Management?
Assumes planning improves performance by setting strategies that the staff tries to achieve to strengthen the overall organization
What is the purpose of a organizational structure?
Reviewing and continuing to develop or improve organizational structure and relationship with supervisory boards, commissions, or other advisory groups.
Oversee performance of each
administrative unit
Encourage coordination and cooperative
action
What are the six elements of organizational structure?
Work specialization - how narrow the focus of a job is
Departmentalization - how jobs are grouped together
Chain of command - line of authority
Span of control - number of subordinates who report directly to an executive or supervisor
Centralization - extent to which decision making is concentrated at one or a few points in the org.
Formalization - degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized
What is the definition of organizational design?
Means of arranging and incorporating organizational structure which is depicted in the form of an organizational chart.
What are the four common organizational designs?
Simple - Flat organization characterized by wide span of control, low departmentalization, little formalization, and centralized decision making.
Bureaucracies - Highly formalized jobs guided by rules, regulations, and policies.
Team-Based - Teams are different from groups which results in more interaction and interdependence from each team
Matrix - Brings together the concepts of the teams and bureaucracies which causes function and departmentalism.
Which organizational design works best with small agencies?
Simple
Which organizational design works best with stable environments and gives a feeling of function?
Bureaucracies
What are the two common teams in a team-based design?
Self-managed and problem-solving
What is characteristics of groups in a team-based design?
Focuses on sharing ideas,
information, perspectives of the
members
One leader
Emphasizes individual
accountability
Focuses on the goals of
individuals
Individual roles, responsibilities,
tasks, procedures, assignments
Individual work products
What are the characteristics of teams in a team-based design?
Focuses on making decisions,
discussing issues, solving problems,
planning for the future
Shared leadership
Emphasizes mutual/group
accountability
Focuses on the collective and
common goals of the entire team
Shared roles, responsibilities, tasks,
assignments
Collective work products
What is the strength and weakness of matrix design?
Strength: brings together expertise from
different areas and can be highly efficient
and effective
Weakness: breaks the unity of command
What is organizational culture?
The personality of the organization. (Shared norms, values, beliefs, and expectations that bind together and distinguish the agency from others.)
What are the three levels of organizational culture from highest to lowest?
1. Artifacts - most tangible, easy to observe but can be hard to understand.
2. Espoused Beliefs - things that the staff has developed to show the outside world who the organization is.
3. Underlying Assumptions - most deeply ingrained level; unwritten rules that guide behavior.
What does artifacts include?
Look of facilities and furnishings, way staff dresses, how staff interacts with each other and public, and the language used.
What does espoused beliefs include?
Slogans, values, vision, and mission statements.
True or False: Underlying Assumptions is often taken for granted that someone who does not hold them is a "foreigner" and they can be extremely difficult to change.
True.
The roots of American College Sport go back to England and what two of its principal universities?
Oxford and Cambridge
What sport was played in the first intercollegiate competition in England?
Cricket
Which two American Institutions of higher education were chartered before the American Revolution?
Harvard and Yale
What sport was used in the first intercollegiate competition between Harvard and Yale?
Rowing
How was the boating race possible?
Sponsored by James Elkin and the Boston, Concord, & Montreal Railroad Company.
True or False: By 1900, Universities wouldn't been known for their athletics.
False (By 1900, Universities would be best known for their athletic programs since the a lot of the public knew the schools because of it.)
Early collegiate athletics were ran by whom?
Student-athletes
Which college hired the first professional coach in 1864?
Yale
True or False: Early head coaches were paid higher than the most highest paid professors in the university.
True
When do facility begin to take control from student athletes with their athletic programs?
1880s
By the 1900, who had taken control of athletic programs at most institutions
Boards of athletic control created by faculty.
In 1905, what organization was founded after a meeting to restore order?
NCAA
True or False: Athletic programs can attract, generate, or lose large sums of money and is often the university's most visible component.
True
What is institutional control defined by the NCAA?
Efforts institutions make to comply with NCAA legislation and to detect and investigate violations that do occur.
What is the definition of internal divisions?
Functions that deal with the inside functions of a department or business.
What can an internal division include?
Academic Support Systems
Business/Finance
Computing
Equipment Room
Facility/Event Management
Food Service
Video Services
What is the definition of external operations?
Interacting with business and functional environments that traditionally take place away from the organization, but are still essential.
What can an external operation include?
Merchandising
Licensing
Development/Fundraising
Broadcast Operations
Special Events
Media/Public Relations
Marketing/Promotions
Who is the top tier of leadership in intercollegiate athletics?
Athletic Director
What is the responsibility of a Athletic Director?
Acts as CEO and focuses primarily on strategic decisions, planning, and revenue generation.
What is the University Administration composed of?
Governing boards
President/Chancellor
Athletics committee
Faculty Athletics Representative
What is the purpose of athletics conferences?
To organize and promote athletics completion between member schools.
What is the definition of management drivers?
The organization's values, vision, mission, goals, and objectives.
What is the definition of values?
The principles, guidelines, or standards that an individual, community, or society consider important.
What is the definition of organizational values?
The underlying principles that drive decision making, corporate culture, priorities. These values can be shared if they are embraced by the organization's entire staff.
Who forms the values in an organization?
1. Member values come from the staff.
2. Leader values come from top managers.
3. Societal values come from the community, customer, and society.
What is the definition of a vision?
An ideal and unique image of the future for the common good.
What question does the vision of an organization answer?
Where does the organization want to be?
What is the main characteristic of a vision statement?
Being a realistic and achievable, yet optimistic and ambitious goal.
What is the definition of a mission?
A more detailed extension of the values and vision of an organization. This provides the organization with a philosophical direction.
What is the purpose of a mission statement?
Concise purpose statement that reflects the organization's value system and inspires ongoing commitment.
What are some characteristics of a mission statement?
Reflects what the organization wants to
accomplish in the larger environment
Sets the stage for all of the agency's
activities
Announces to external parties the unique
role and function of agency
If too narrow, restricts growth and range of
service
Provide common direction for individuals
Motivate and inspire employees
Assist decision-making
Provide continuity of purpose
How does the process of the three core management drivers goes?
Values - Who we are
Vision - Where we're going
Mission - How we get there
What is the definition of goals?
Broad statements of intent set by organizations to guide actions.
What are some factors that influence goals?
Wishes of members, community residents, or other stakeholders.
Input of boards, commissions, and advisory groups.
Legal mandates
Political and social factors
Practical factors such as funding and physical resources
What are the two categories of goals?
Operational(internal) -organization's
continual effort to make effective decisions,
use its resources effectively, adapt to
changing circumstances
Outcome-directed (external) - represent
positive results that the organization seeks
to accomplish through programming.
What is the definition of objectives?
Specific, measurable statements that serve as steps to achieving goals.
What does the SMART in SMART Objectives stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-related
What are the two things that make an organization successful?
Efficiency - concerned with minimizing the amount of resources that an organization wastes.
Effectiveness - refers to how capable an organization is of achieving its goals and objectives.
How can we measure Efficiency and Effectiveness?
►Participation in programs, facility use, and
product purchases
►Looking at monetary and human resources
are used in relation to quality of products
and services
►Support in political realm
What is the definition of risk?
The possibility of suffering harm from
a hazard that can cause personal injury,
death, property damage, economic loss, or
environmental damage.
What is the definition of risk management?
An operational
approach that is designed to reduce or
prevent accidents and injuries or other
health hazards and that seeks to prevent
financial loss stemming from them.
What is the definition of liability?
Situation in which an individual
or organization is subject to lawsuit
because of failure to carry out certain
responsibilities as defined by law or within
contractual agreement.
What are the two types of liabilities?
Tort - Civil wrong committed on a person or property outside of contractual relationship
Contract - Legal claims that may be made, leading to a condition of liability based on charges of failure to perform as contracted
What is the definition of negligence?
An unintentional tort that results in injury
What are the four elements of negligence?
1. Duty - a special relationship established inherently, voluntarily, or statutorily between the parties.
2. Breach (of duty): The causing damage
3. Causation - reasonably or sufficiently close casual connection between the conduct of the agency or individual and the resultant injury or loss to another
4. Damage - actual injury
What are some defenses to negligence?
Assumption of risk - plaintiffs may not
recover for damages (injuries received)
when they voluntarily subjected themselves
to a known and appreciated danger
Comparative negligence - allows plaintiffs to recover even if they contributed to their own accident
Statute of limitations - the maximum
amount of time that a plaintiff can wait
before bringing a lawsuit
What is the definition of intellectual property?
A creative or artistic work that has commercial value and is protected by copyright, patent, or trademark laws.
