Exam 2 Preparation: Evidence-Based Practice, Acquired Disorders, and Audiology

Vocabulary flashcards covering Evidence-Based Practice, APA formatting, acquired language and speech disorders, and audiology basics based on lecture notes.

APA In-text Citation

The use of author and year within the body of the text.

APA Reference List Format

Author(s). (Year). Title. Publisher/Source.

APA PPT Reference

Instructor last name, year, title, "PowerPoint slides."

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

The integration of scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.

ASHA EBP Definition

A combination of high-quality research evidence, practitioner expertise, and patient preferences.

Searching for Evidence

Use databases (like ASHA, PubMed), choose high quality low bias studies, and apply ASHA’s 6 EBP skills

Aphasia

A language disorder resulting from damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.

Cognitive-communication disorders

Deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning, usually resulting from right hemisphere damage.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The system including the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord; damage can lead to language, cognition, speech, swallowing, and motor deficits.

Broca’s Area

Located in the left frontal lobe; responsible for speech production.

Wernicke’s Area

Located in the left temporal lobe; responsible for language comprehension.

Nonfluent Aphasia

Broca’s, transcortical motor, and global

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

A nonfluent aphasia similar to Broca’s but characterized by good repetition skills.

Global Aphasia

A nonfluent aphasia resulting in severe deficits across all language areas.

Fluent Aphasia

Includes: Wernicke’s, conduction, and anomic

Conduction Aphasia

A fluent aphasia characterized specifically by poor repetition.

Anomic Aphasia

A fluent aphasia primarily characterized by word-finding difficulty.

Dementia

A progressive and usually irreversible cognitive decline associated with conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or Huntington's.

Dementia Prevalence

Commonly affects less than $1\%$ of those under $60$ and more than $30\%$ of those over $80$.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

An injury caused by an external force; most commonly caused by MVAs ($30-50\%$). Can cause aphasia, cognitive communication deficits, dysarthria, and dysphagia.

Open-head injury

A TBI involving a skull fracture where the meninges are torn.

Closed-head injury

A TBI involving a coup-contrecoup mechanism without a skull fracture.

Dysarthria

A motor execution disorder characterized by weakness, slowness, poor coordination, and consistent errors.

Apraxia

A motor planning disorder characterized by difficulty sequencing movements, inconsistent errors, and groping.

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Damage

Damage resulting in spasticity, increased muscle tone, and slow, strained speech.

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Damage

Damage resulting in flaccidity, muscle weakness, breathiness, and reduced loudness.

Fluency Disorders

Disruptions in the flow of speech, such as stuttering (repetitions, prolongations, blocks) or cluttering.

Voice Disorders

Problems with pitch, loudness, or quality which may be structural (nodules), neurological (paralysis), or functional (misuse).

Dysphagia

A swallowing disorder occurring in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal phases. Can result from stroke, TBI, dementia, or tumors. May also cooccur with aphasia or dysarthria.

Sound

Vibration that travels through air. Characterized by frequency and intensity.

Frequency

A characteristic of sound representing pitch, measured on the X-axis of an audiogram in $\text{Hz}$.

Intensity

A characteristic of sound representing loudness, measured on the Y-axis of an audiogram in $\text{dB HL}$.

X Audiogram Symbol

Represents the left ear

O Audiogram Symbol

Represents the right ear

Y-axis Audiogram Symbol

dB HL (loudness)

X-axis Audiogram Symbol

Hz (frequency)

Lower Line Audiogram Symbol

Better hearing

Air vs Bone Conduction Audiogram Symbols

determine type of hearing loss

Auditory System includes

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, auditory nerve, and central auditory pathways

Type A Tympanometry

Indicates a normal middle ear system.

Type As Tympanometry

Indicates a stiff system, often seen in cases of otosclerosis.

Type Ad Tympanometry

Indicates a hypermobile system, often seen in cases of ossicular discontinuity.

Type B Tympanometry

Indicates a flat response, associated with effusion or perforation.

Type C Tympanometry

Indicates negative pressure, associated with Eustachian tube dysfunction.

Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss in the outer or middle ear where an air-bone gap is present. Ex: otitis media, cerumen, otosclerosis.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss in the inner ear or nerve where no air-bone gap is present. Ex: presbycusis, noise exposure, congenital viral causes.

Mixed Hearing Loss

Hearing loss containing both conductive and sensorineural components.

Hearing Aids

Devices used for mild to severe losses that amplify sound and require functioning hair cells.

Cochlear Implants

Devices used for severe to profound sensorineural loss that bypass hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.