stages of cell life cycle !

interphase

the preparation phase, where the cell grows and prepares to divide

G1 phase

(interphase) cell grows and carries out normal functions

S phase

(interphase) cell copies its DNA (chromosomes) to prepare for division

G2 phase

(interphase) cell continues to grow and checks that everything is ready for division

nucleosome

DNA strands wound around histones

chromatin

tangled loose coils of nucleosomes

chromosomes

tightly coiled nucleosomes

DNA replication

the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA so that both new cells have the same genetic information

mitosis

the process where the nucleus of the cell divides to create two identical sets of chromosomes

cytokinesis

the final step, where the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, creating two separate daughter cells

prophase in mitosis

chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down

metaphase in mitosis

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

anaphase in mitosis

chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

telophase in mitosis

new nuclear membranes form around the separate chromosomes, creating two nuclei

primary structure

a simple chain of amino acids

secondary structure

chain folds into shapes like alpha helices and beta sheets due to hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure

entire protein folds into a 3D shape due to interactions between amino acid side chains

quaternary structure

multiple folded proteins join together to form a complex protein