Psych 1 Exam 4

Storage

the process of storing or maintaining a memory, needs time to put memory away

Interruptions prevent storage

Consolidation

(process in storage step) your brain experiences a neurobiological process,

Time-dependent

sleep helps

caffeine can too

Retrieval

the process of bringing to mind encoded and stored information

this makes info. storage useful

puzzle pieces brain pieces together to create experience/ memory

Pushes info. back into short term

Free recall

Part of retrieval

• With no cues to aid retrieval, scientists ask people to recall information. 

  • VERY difficult

• Looking for puzzle pieces with no image

Retrieval cues

more brain areas activate= better memory

more info. to latch on to trigger remembering

provide organizing info. helps retrieval

creates relationship b/t random words and info to provide extra info to trigger recall

Cued recall

Provide hints allows for more effective results

Recognition Memory

form of memory relying on identifying info. that you’ve seen/ experienced

more accurate than recall memory

Enhancing retrieval

think about something more often= strengthen neural connections, more synapses, faster pathways

increase amount remembered, ask what cities first time you give few, second time you remember more (cue)

change what u remember- if asked about food eaten, only remember that when asked about trip in future

Encoding- specificity principle

(enhance retrieval) the idea that context shapes encoding and ultimately storage and utilizing that context will improve recall, sit in same seat during lecture v. exam, remember for always require u to move tho

Context dependent retrieval

exam in one seat v. other

get up to do something then forget so retrace steps

State- Dependent Retrieval

Being in same mental state during encoding and retrieval help w/ memory

being sad during lecture v. sad during exam

Levels of memory

separate according to duration and capacity of storage

Sensory memory

senses giving u experiences which you can remember

Iconic

Vision, image lasts for ¼ -1/2, afterimage

Echoic

Hearing, 3-4 seconds, language/ music/understanding words after pause, clap hands together once and hear sound remain for a bit

haptic

Touch, 2 seconds, raindrop

Gustatory

Taste, trigger memory (avoid food that made u sick)

Olfactory

Smell, triggers memories/ feelings (perfume)

Short term memory

all sensory info. held from seconds- minute, from here leads to storage or forget, before reporting on sensory memory, we need to convert to STM (paying attention), info sits here

Working memory

limited than sensory, ultilizes content/ meaning

post catergorical and allows to add menaing to what you experience, face/vase, info. manipulated and worked with

Chunking

limited capacity of STM leads to strat like chunk, helps save more info,

take random info and place into meaningful groups

Phonological loop

hold verbal articulations in STM, repeat #’s till write down, ( working memory)

Visuospatial sketchpad

holding image ( holding on to how #’s looked for recall (working memory)

Long term memory

after info. in STM, if properly handled and encoded and stored, it makes it to long term

Explicit (declarative) memory

• the form of memory that involves intentional and conscious remembering

episodic

semantic

Implicit (non-declarative) memory 

involves memory without intentional recollection or awareness

It is unconscious and unintentional and usually not verbally articulated

how to ride bike

Procedural

Priming

Classical conditioning

Episodic

(Explicit) memories of events such as what you did yesterday or your last birthday

• Flashbulb memories: vivid and detailed snapshots of an experience

Semantic

•  memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge

Explicit

Procedural

• how to perform a task habitually (e.g. riding a bike, texting)

Priming

• previous exposure to a stimulus and a hint re: that stimulus helps someone remember what they’ve seen

Classical conditioning

an unconscious association of stimuli that drives behavior

Cognition

refers to mental activities associated with thinking like knowing information, remembering, problem-solving,etc

Mental Representations

brain create symbols that represent object

allows us to conceptualize things even when not present, plate of pickles (what kind do u imagine), put into categories to organize similar objects

encountering something different allows u to call upon experience/ act accordingly

Catergories

well defined i.e shapes

not as i.e birds

Superordinate

hierarchy of concepts, a broad encapsulating term with few traits in common and a looser resemblance between items (furniture)

Basic

• clearly defined prototypes with lots of features in common (chairs)

Subordinate

•  specific concepts within a basic level (high chair)

Problem solving

• Being able to draw on prior experiences can help with decision making

• Can provide a mental framework, or mental set for solving a later problem.

• have built in systems to assist w/ decision making and judgment calls

Bounded rationality

limited resources for decision-making and as a result

Controlled system

type of thinking that help w/ judgement and help w/ limited capacity

slower and effortful to make thoughtful and rational choices

• Solving an algebraic proof

• Debating what movie to watch

• Playing board games

Automatic system

• fast and effortless, often leads to good outcomes

• Reading basic sentences

• Watching the next episode of a show you’ve already seen