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Gamaliel
A famous rabbi of first-century C.E. Judaism.
Gematria
A Jewish method of interpreting a word based on the numerical value of its letters.
Genre
The literary type or form of a document.
Gentile
A non-Jew.
Gnosticism
A religious movement that believed in secret knowledge and sought to escape the earthly world for the heavenly.
Gospel
The message of good news revealing God as gracious, later designating the literary form narrating Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.
Greco-Roman World
The lands and culture around the Mediterranean from 300 B.C.E. to 300 C.E.
Haggadah
A Hebrew term for rabbinic traditions in narrative form illustrating the moral teachings of the Torah.
Halakah
A Hebrew term meaning 'to walk,' designating rabbinic tradition regulating conduct.
Hasmonean
The family name for the Maccabees, leaders of the Jewish revolt against Syria.
Hellenization
The spread of Greek language and culture in the Mediterranean after Alexander the Great.
Hermeneutics
The science dealing with the interpretation and meaning of texts.
Heresy
Any worldview or beliefs deemed deviant by those in power, from a Greek word meaning 'choice'.
High Priest
The highest-ranking authority in Judaism in charge of the Jerusalem Temple prior to 70 C.E.
Historiography
The literary reconstruction of historical events and the study of historical narrative.
Historical Criticism
A method that approaches the Bible with historical questions to understand its historical setting.
Holy
That which is set apart for God or the divine power and majesty.
Demeter
The Greek and Roman goddess of grain, worshipped in a mystery cult in Eleusis, Greece.
Deutero-Pauline Epistles
Letters considered to have a 'secondary' standing in the Pauline corpus, including Ephesians, Colossians, and 2 Thessalonians.
Diaspora
The Jewish community scattered outside the holy land of Palestine, originating in the Babylonian exile.
Didache
An anonymous second-century Christian manual for church life.
Disciple
A follower who is 'taught,' in contrast to an apostle who is 'sent' as an emissary.
Divination
Any practice used to ascertain the will of the gods.
Docetism
An early Christian heresy stating that Jesus only seemed to suffer and die.
Ebionites
A group of second-century Adoptionists who maintained Jewish practices and forms of worship.
Epistle
A letter of a formal or didactic nature, traditionally applied to the New Testament letters.
Eschatology
Discourse about last things.
Essenes
An ascetic Jewish religious group stressing radical obedience to the Jewish law.
Ethics
A broad term for moral codes and practices, theories of value, and Christian relational imperatives.
Eucharist
Derived from Greek meaning 'thankfulness,' it refers to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.
Exegesis
The critical interpretation of a text, meaning 'to lead out' the meaning from the text.
Expiation
'Making right' the offense done by one party to another, especially expiation for sin before God.
Form Criticism
The classification of the 'forms' in which tradition circulated before being written down.
Daimonia
Category of divine beings in the Greco-Roman world, thought to be less powerful than gods but more than humans.
Dead Sea Scrolls
Ancient Jewish documents from the period of Christian origins, found near the Dead Sea.
Decalogue or Ten Commandments
The ten words God gave to Moses on Mt. Sinai.
