genetics lab final

degree of freedom formula

df=n-1

what p values are accepted?

p>0.05

What p values are not accapted?

p<0.05

what charge does DNA have?

negative

how many microliters are equal to a mL?

1000

Symbol for a male in a pedigree?

square

Symbol for a female in a pedigree?

circle

unaffected person in pedigree

empty shape

affected person in pedigree

shaded

Can recessive traits skip generations?

yes

if a mother is affected what is the likelihood that her son will be affected?

100%

what can you conclude about the father of an x-linked recessive affected female?

he is also affected

do fathers pass x-linked recessive traits to their sons?

no

if a disease is x-linked recessive are males or females more likely to be affected?

males

5 basic rules for pedigree analysis

1. every gamete carries exactly one allele per gene
2. any individual with the recessive phenotype must be homozygous recessive
3. any individual with a homozygous recessive offspring must have at least one recessive allele
4. any individual with a homozygous recessive parent must have at least one recessive allele
5. don't guess

chi square test formula

X^2=sigma((o-e)^2/e)

the step in a PCR reaction that occurs at 50-65ºC is to ______ the ______

anneal/primers

the optimal temperature for Taq polymerase during polymerization (extension step) is:

72ºC

how may cycles can GoTaq be used for optimal amplification?

25-35 cycles

what is a thermocycler and why was it used?

a machine that carries out PCR

to estimate the concentration of specific solute in a solution using a spectrophotometer, which of the following should be measured?

absorbance

according to Beer's law the concentration of a substance in a solution is _____

directly proportional to the absorbance

to estimate the purity of DNA which of the following shoul dyou check?

ratio of A260/A280nm

what is the maximum amount of DNA that is recommended for use with PCR?

250 ng

after adding neutralization solution and centrifugation mwhere is the plasmid DNA?

in the supernatant

after using washing solution on the spin clumn where is the plasmid DNA?

still in the colum

what is the function of a spin column used in plasmid DNA extraction lab?

the spin column contains silica which allows the plasmid DNA to cling to it while all other substances flow through to the collection tube

why is it necessary to use the washing solution for the spin column?

the washing solution contains ethanol which solubilizes any remaining salts or impurities remaining in the column

what types of molecules are in the white pellat after mixing the three initial solutions and centrifugation? what is the reason for separation between them and the plasmid DNA?

macromolecules are in the white pellet. they do not renature correctly due to their large size so they form large aggregates through hydrogen bonding. They then clump together and sink to the bottom after centrifugation and form a pellet

after lysing the cells and before centrifuging for 10 minutes, you don't see any aggregation of cellular debris in your tube. what is a likely reason for this failed outcome?

after lysing the cells, macromolecules are released. The molecules and cellular debris that would from a precipitate are floating around in the solution instead of forming bonds and aggregating. The solution is too acidic and the macromolecules have denatured and destabalized

what kind of gel is used for gel electrophoresis?

agarose

when using a micropipette to dispense a sample, it is important to stop at the first stop?

false

what are the 2 primary ways that molecules are seperated by gel electrophoresis?

1. size
2. charge

molecular marker/standard

a sequence of DNA used to provide a reference to size and number of base pairs

why is a standard used?

so that you can quantify the molecular weight or number of basepairs found in a sequence of DNA

plasmid

extra-chromosomal DNA in a prokaryote that does not containg essential genes

what protein regulated GFP transcription in the pGLO plsamid?

araC

plasmids typically confer some sort of survival advantage to tehir host cell. Which of the following is a survival advantage that pGLO provides to E. coli?

pGLo protects the cell form ampicillin

plasmids have their own origin of replication

true

the process of heat shocking a bacterium is necessary because:

the cell membrane must be weakened to accept the plasmid

GPF

allows the cell to fluoresce when arabinose is present

araC

regulates the expression of GFP

Ori

replication origin

Bla (beta lactamase)

makes the cell resistant to ampicillin

transformation

cell takes up DNA from its external environment

beer's law

A = Ebc