APUSH Period 1 Vocab

Native American Cultures (Southwest, Great Plains, Northeast) - Southwest (Pueblo)

Lived in arid land and relied on irrigation to grow maize & other agricultural products. Cliff dwellings. Great Basin & Great Plains (Sioux): lack of natural resources led to growth of nomadic lifestyle & the importance of hunting buffalo. Atlantic coast & Northeast (Iroquois): mix of agricultural & hunter-gathering societies. Established permanent villages.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other. Europeans learned about new plants and foods (beans, corns, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco). Europeans introduced sugar cane, pigs, and horses as well as the wheel, iron, and guns. Native Americans gave Europeans syphilis and Europeans brought smallpox to Native Americans.

Spanish Colonization

Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. God, Gold, & Glory.

Encomienda System

Spanish king gave land grants and natives to individual Spaniards. Indians were exploited, had to farm or work in the mines for the Spanish who in turn "cared" for them. European diseases brutality reduced the native population.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

He defended the Spanish "right" to conquer Native Americans because he thought that the Native Americans were barbaric and savage which justified the poor treatment of the Native Americans.

Bartolome de as Casas

A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans especially the encomienda system. Advocated for the rights of Native Americans to King Charles of Spain.

French Colonization

First permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec. French primarily looking for furs and converts to Catholicism. The French viewed Indians as potential economic and military allies, maintained good relations with Natives. Frontier of Inclusion.

Dutch Colonization

Henry Hudson established Dutch claims to New Amsterdam (later New York) for economic gain.

English Colonization

Sir Walter Raleigh first attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island in North Carolina in 1587 but failed. Jamestown established 1607. Treated Native Americans with exclusion because they did not use them as a labor force or intermarry because the English came in families. They worked together at first but later expelled Natives from the land the wanted.

Feudalism

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held hands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, which the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce.

Capitalism

Economic system in which trade, industry, and the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for profit. Risk rewarded with profits. Ex: Joint Stock Companies.