Bio Exam 3

Know the commonly occurring elements found in living organisms.

CHON ( carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Organic molecules

-Always contain carbon and hydrogen

-Always covalent bonds

-Often quite large, with many atoms

Inorganic Molecules

- Usually with + and - ions

-Usually ionic bonding

-Always with few atoms

dehydration synthesis

Is the mechanism by which polymers are formed from monomers

hydrolysis

process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers - also known as a dehydration reaction

monosaccharides

Are single/ simple sugars with a carbon backbone

What are exmaples of monosaccharides

Glucose- Hexos

Fructose - Hexose

Galactose- Pentose (RNA)

Deoxyribose- Pentose (DNA)

disaccharides

are carbohydrates that contain two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

What are examples of Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

polysaccharides

are carbohydrates that consist of several monosaccharides joined together

What are examples of polysaccharides

Starch & Glycogen

Isomers

organic molecules that have the same number of atoms, same kind of atoms, but they have different structures (shapes)

What is the monomer of monacharchides

carbohydrates

What is the monomer of amino acids

proteins

What is the monomer of glycerol and fatty acids?

lipids

What is the monomer of nucleic acid

DNA

Peptide

is two or more amino acids joined to end

Peptide bond

two amino acids joined end to end by dehydration synthesis

Polypeptide

Many AAs bonded together

What's the function of DNA

-Stores genetic information.

Serves as a template for replication and protein synthesis.

-Determines hereditary traits passed from parents to offspring.

What is the function of RNA

-Acts as a messenger (mRNA) to carry genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

-Helps in protein synthesis (tRNA, rRNA).

-It can have enzymatic activity (ribozymes).

What is the structure of DNA

-Double-stranded helix.

-Long, stable molecule.

-Contains a deoxyribose sugar.

What is the structure of RNA

-Single-stranded (but can fold into secondary structures).

-It is shorter and more temporary than DNA.

-Contains ribose sugar.

What is the composition of DNA

Sugar: Deoxyribose.

Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).

Found mainly in the nucleus.

What is the composition of RNA

Sugar: Ribose.

Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) (Uracil replaces Thymine).

Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Complimentary base pairing for DNA

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) (A-T)

Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) (G-C) →

Complimentary base pairing for RNA

Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) (A-U) →

Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) (G-C) →