holocaust ids

knesset

israel paraliament

Irena Sendler

Zegota children's division leader, Saved 2500 plus children, Wrote down names and buried in jar under tree to be able to reconnect kids to their biological families after war, Warsaw Ghetto, Worked to reunite rescued children with surviving relatives, Nearly all became orphans, Many of the children she saved stayed in contact with her

Zegota

The Polish underground Council for Aid to Jews, Irena Sendler was a key figure

Georges Garel

French Engineer, Leader in French Resistance, Worked with OSE, Secret network to hide jewish children

Stanley Milgrim (Milgram Experiment)

Unethical participant stress (psychological and physical), Goal to compare US citizens obedience to Nazi obedience, Adolf Eichmann nuremberg trial letter (blaming higher ups for giving the orders), Was hoping to prove people would NOT blindly follow orders if pain and suffering occurred but was wrong (Study run 18 times; Milgrim disproved), All participants gave at least a 300 volt shock (severe intense pain), 65% of participants went to the highest shock (450 volts - potentially deadly)

Lebensborn

Heinrich Himmler- Leader of the Program, appointed by Hitler, Fountain of Life:English translation of Lebensborn, Primary aim was to increase the birth rate of “racially pure” Aryan children to strengthen the Nazi Regime’s master race, Germany, Norway, and Poland had the most homes for the program, Roughly 250,000 children kidnapped, only 25,000 returned to their homes after the war, Children forced to be raised as German

Raoul Wallenberg

Swedish diplomat sent to Hungary in 1944, His mission was to save as many Hungarian Jews as possible from Nazi deportation, Forged the “Schutz Pass” for thousands of Hungarian Jews which was a protective passport

Eclairiers-Jewish Scouts in France

Origins purpose : attract boys to Judaism, Established several children's homes in southwest France for jewish children imprisoned in Nazi camps, founder- Robert Gamzon

Netanel “Tony” Gryn 

Member of the Zionist Youth Movement and the Jewish Army organization, In charge of creating false papers for eclairies

Marianne Cohn

Member of the EIF and Zionist Youth Movement, Transferred jewish children to Switzerland, Was captured by Germans was tortured and killed

OSE France

Originally founded in Russia by Jewish doctors and intellectuals, Moved to Berlin in 1922, Provided homes for Jewish refugee children in the unoccupied parts of France, Operated 14 homes that saved children from going to concentration camps, Had to close all homes because of Nazi raids in the area, still helped transport children to Switzerland, Still active today, but has a wider missions to help more people, but to also still support survivors of the Holocaust, Saved over 5,000 children from the concentration camps

Yad Vashem

World Jewish Holocaust Remembrance Center founded 1953, righteous among nations exhibit: honors those who weren’t jewish that fought, janusz korczak, dr. Sara frielander (founder), moshe safde (architect), in Jerusalem

Theodore Herzl

Founder of Zionism, Conducted the First Zionist Congress, Wrote The Jewish State (pamphlet about Jewish people obtaining a homeland)

Valkyrie 

Ludwig Beck, Colonel Claus Von Stauffenberg, The July 20th plot to assassinate Hitler, The plan failed because the bomb placed to kill Hitler only injured him, The following steps of the plan all unraveled because of the lack of communication, Plotters were executed immediately after despite how big or little their involvement was

Zyklon-B vs. Carbon monoxide usage at camps 

Auschwitz, Stutthof, Mauthausen, Sachsenhausen used Zyklon-B, Bernburg, Brandenburg, and Grafeneck used Carbon monoxide, How did Zyklon-B work?, What effects were caused by Zyklon-B after WW2?

The Abwehr: Wilhelm Canaris

German Intelligence Organization (part of the German Military “Defense”), Canaris = key figure in resistance against Hitler

White Rose Movement

German anti-Nazi, non-violent, resistance movement started by a group of university students, Outraged by apathy German citizens were showing to Nazi tyranny and hoped to help end persecution of minorities by inspiring more resistance, Scholl Siblings,

• Both caught for spreading pamphlets on campus, later sentenced to treason and executed on same day (all members eventually caught and executed after)

Hans Scholl:

Founder of white rose movement, author of some pamphlets

Sophie Scholl

youngest member of white rose movement, author of some pamphlets 

The Struma

Boat made for Romanian Jews to escape Romania to go to Istanbul, Turkey (767 Jews, 10 Crew Members), Would try to apply for visas to Palestine to sail to there, Struma was towed by Turkish police and sank the next day on February 24th, 1942, All passengers died; led to widespread protest against Britain’s policy on immigration in Palestine 

Chaim Rumkowski

selected as head of the Jewish Council, controversial figure, He asked parents to surrender their children for deportation, believing it would save the rest, Believed labor productivity could save the ghetto’s Jews, Seen by some as a man trying to save lives, others as a collaborator with the Nazis

Warsaw Zoo  

Jan Zabinski, Zabinski and his wife, following the death of many of the animals in their care, began to work on securing people instead 

Warsaw Ghetto/Uprising

Jewish Combat Organization, and Jewish Military Union carried out first uprising (700ish troops), Polish Home Army carried out second uprising, 200,000 deaths, Uprisings were attempts to halt deportations once people learned they meant imminent death, Soviets took control after second uprising

Adam Czerniaków

appointed chairman of Jewish Council in Warsaw ghetto, adopted jew, committed suicide because of his disgust and sorrow of the deportations

Hans Frank

part of warsaw ghetto, Governor General of German occupied Poland, issued decree requiring Jews to wear white armbands with Star of David

Łódź Ghetto

Chaim Rumkowski was selected as head of the Jewish Council, Dawid Sierakowiak kept a detailed diary that gives us a firsthand account of daily life and suffering in the ghetto, 2nd largest ghetto (Located in German-occupied Poland during WWII)

Dawid Sierakowiak’s diary

a powerful first-hand account of Lodz ghetto

Alexander Perhersky

Jewish-Soviet Officer who led the revolt against the guards in the Newest Extermination camp “Sobibor”. He was captured and lied during transportation about being a carpenter to stay alive to seem useful to the Nazi’s.

Richard Thomalla

High rank Nazi who helped design the Sobibor extermination camp, specifically after the Camp Belzec during Operation Reinhard in order for a more efficient mass murder of jews in the General Government Region

Pope Pius XII

Eugino Pacelli, pope at the time of World War II, never condemned Nazism or did anything to stop it tried to maintain neutrality and not conflict with Nazi Germany, but also said to have taken almost 800,000 Jews into hiding in the Vatican/ other catholic buildings in Italy