Endo Exam 3 (copy)

Which hormones are likely to use intracellular receptors?

lipid/steriod hormones

ex: cortisol, androgens, aldosterone, glucocorticoids

Which hormones are likely to use transmembrane receptors?

peptide hormones

ex: ADH, glucagon, insulin, GH, TH, FSH, PRL, ANG 2, Parathyroid hormone, oxytocin

T/F steroid hormones need a transport protein

true

T/F Peptide/protein hormones are released by exocytosis

true

How are steroid hormones released?

diffusion

What type of hormones would use the tyrosine kinase, adenylyl cyclase, and phospholipase C mechanism.

protein/peptide hormone

What hypothalamic hormones for lactotrophs?

1. PRH

2. Dopamine

What is the hypothalamic hormones with thyrotrophs?

TRH

What is the hypothalamic hormones for corticotrophs?

CRH

What is the hypothalamic hormones for gonadotrophs?

GnRH

What are the hypothalamic hormones for somatotrophs?

1. GHRH

2. Somatostatin

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

uses hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

What is the relationship between hypothalamus and posterior lobe?

stores two hormones (ADH and oxytocin)

What adrenal enzyme is located in all three layers of cortex? (TQ)

3 beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

What two adrenal enzymes are only found in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata?

1. 11 beta-hydroxylase

2. 21 alpha/beta hydroxylase

What adrenal enzyme is only found in zona glomerulosa?

aldosterone synthase

Which two enzymes are found zona reticularis?

1. 3 beta hydroxxysteroid dehydrogenase

2. 17 alpha hydroxylase

What would a deficiency of 11 beta hydroxylase present with?

both aldosterone and cortisol levels decrease

11-deoxycortocsterone levels increase

androgen production increases

virilzation and precocious puberty

What would a deficiency of 17 alpha hydroxylase present with?

decreased cortisol and androgen production

increased mineralocorticoid production

ambiguous genitalia

What would a deficiency of 21 alpha/beta hydroxylase present with?

decreased mineralocorticoid and cortisol production

increased androgen production

virilization

How is cortisol stimulated?

CRH→ACTH→ adrenal cortex→ cortisol

What effect does cortisol have on the kidneys?

increased NA+ reabsorption and K+ secretion (Increase BP)

What effect does cortisol have on bone?

increased bone resorption

What effect does cortisol have on fat?

increased lipolysis and breask down TAG→ free fatty acid release

T/F Cortisol is an anti-inflammatory

True-

induces lipocortin→ inhibits phospholipase A2

inhibits IL-2

inhibits histamine and serotonin

T/F Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis and storage of glycogen

true

T/F Androgens are a significant source for women and childern

true- postmenopausal women only get estrogen from androgen conversion

Androstenedione and testosterone are converted to estrone and estradiol via __

aromatase

Testosterone is converted to DHT via __

5 alpha- reductase

What releases catecholamines?

ACH binding to chromaffin cells

What are the two types of receptors catecholamines use? What mechanisms do they use?

Alpha receptors- phospholipase C

Beta receptors- adenylyl cyclase

What do catecholamines release? What do they act on

epinephrine which acts on both receptors equally

Norepinephrine acts on alpha receptors

What do alpha receptors cause? (think sympathetic)

1. vasoconstriction

2. decrease insulin release

3. sweating

4. glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

What do beta receptors cause? (think sympathetics)

1. vasodilation

2. renin release

3. increase glucagon secretion

4. lipolysis

5. bronchodilation

What is the function of aldosterone?

increases blood pressure

increases sodium reabsorption/potassium secretion

hydrogen reabsorption

What hormones increase blood pressure?

1. ADH

2. aldosterone

3. catecholamines

4. angiotensin II

What hormone decreases blood pressure?

ANP

What hormones cause vasoconstriction?

1. ADH

2. Catecholamines

3. ATII

What hormones have the greatest affect on glucose uptake?

1. GH

2. TH

3. catecholamines

4. insulin- greatest effect

What hormones stimulate glycolysis?

1. TH

2. catecholamines

3. insulin

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

1. cortisol

2. Insulin

What hormones stimulate glycogenolysis?

1. GH

2. TH

3. cortisol

4. catecholamines

5. glucagon

What hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?

1. GH

2. TH

3. cortisol

4. catecholamines

5. glucagon

What hormones stimulate lipolysis?

1. GH

2. TH

3. cortisol

4. catecholamines

5. glucagon

What hormone stimulates lipogenesis?

insulin

What hormones stimulate proteolysis?

1. TH

2. cortisol

3. catecholamines

4. glucagon

What hormones have increase amino acid uptake?

1. GH

2. Insulin

What hormones increase protein synthesis?

1. GH

2. Insulin

3. TH

What hormone is involved with uterine contractions and is the love hormone and milk letdown?

oxytocin

What hormone likes lactogenesis?

PRL

What increases plasma calcium?

PTH

What decreases plasma calcium?

calcitonin

What affect does GLP-1?

increase insulin

decrease glucagon

Where is GLUT-2 used?

pancreatic beta cells, hepatocytes

Where is GLUT-4 used?

skeletal muscle

adipose tissue

T/F GLUT2 is sensitive to insulin

false

T/F GLUT4 is sensitive to insulin

true- insulin must be activated first

What is glucagon?

responses to low blood glucose

alpha cells of pancreas

uses adenylyl cyclase

uses gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis to raise blood glucose

inhibited by somatostatin and GLP-1

activates HSL to break down triglycerides→ free FA become ketone bodies which can cause ketogenesis

What is insulin?

response to high blood glucose

beta cells of pancreas

tyrosine kinase mechanism

uses glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis

GLP-1 activates insulin

amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

GLP-1 looks like__ and supports __

glucagon, insulin

What hormone is located in the supraoptic nucleus?

ADH

What hormone is located in the paraventricular nucleus?

oxytocin

What hormone is located in the arcuate nuclei?

dopamine

What hormone is found in somatotrophs?

GHRH/somatostatin

What hormones are found in corticotrophs?

CRH

What hormones are found in thyrotrophs?

TRH

What hormones are found in lactotrophs?

PRH

dopamine/PIH

What hormones are found in gonadotrophs?

GnRH

What hormone is found in follicular epithelial cells?

thyroid hormones

What hormones are found in parafollicular cells? (C-cells)

calcitonin

What hormones are found in chief cells?

parathyroid hormones

What hormone is found in zona glomerulosa?

aldosterone

What hormone is found in zona fasciculata?

cortisol

What hormone is found in zona reticularis?

androgens

What hormone is found in chromaffin cells?

catecholamines- norepinephrine and epinephrine

What hormone is found in alpha cells of the islets of langerhans?

glucagon

What hormone is found in beta cells of the islets of langerhans?

insulin

What is central diebetes insipidus?

decreased output of ADH

polyuria, hypotension, increased plasma concentration

increased aldosterone

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

decreased sensitivity to ADH in principle cells

increased secretion of ADH

treated with thiazide diuretics

What is SIADH?

excessive release of ADH

fluid overload in patients due to excess water

hypertension

hyponatremia- low sodium

treated with ADH anatgonist

What is pituitary dwarfism?

growth hormone deficiency in children

treated with injections of growth hormone

What is gigantism?

too much growth hormone released in childern due to tumor of the somatotrophs

galactorrhea

What is acromegaly?

overproduction of hGH in adults

results from pituitary adenoma

What is AGHD?

adult growth hormone deficiency

What is hypopituitarism?

Sheehan syndrome- MC cause of prolactin deficiency

due to abnormal pressure on pituitary gland

What is grave’s disease?

MC cause of hyperthyroidism

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis diagnosis?

MC cause of hypothyroidism

blood test will show decrease T4 increase TSH

What is conn syndrome?

primary hyperaldosteronism

aldosterone secreting tumor

high sodium and low potassium

What is pheochromocytoma?

benign tumor of chromaffin tissue

catecholamine producing neoplasm

secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine

10% tumor

What is Addison Disease?

primary adrenocortical insufficiency

ACTH high

cortisol low

aldosterone low

hyperpigmentation

androgens low

What is secondary adrenocortical insufficiency?

ACTH low

cortisol low

aldosterone normal

no hyperpigmentation

androgens

What is cushing syndrome vs cushing disease?

Cushing syndrome- adrenal origin

spontaneous overproduction of cortisol

ACTH low

Cushing disease- pituitary origin

excess glucocorticoids from pituitary adenoma

ACTH high

MC test is UFC at least two times

treated using ketoconasole and metyrapone

T/F Insulin synthesis is controlled by gene on chromosome 11

true

How is insulin synthesized?

preproinsulin→proinsulin (disulfide bonds)→ insulin and C peptide

How is insulin release regulated?

glucose→glucose 6 phosphate→ATP→ K+ close→ Ca+ open→fuse to membrane via exocytosis→insulin and c peptide released

What are the secondary messangers of insulin?

PI3K and MAPK

What effects occur with insulin in liver?

1. glycogenesis

2. glycolysis

What effects occur with insulin in the skeletal muscle?

1. Glycogenesis

2. glycolysis

3. protein synthesis

What effect does insulin have in adipose tissue?

lipogenesis

T/F inactive muscle consumes a lot of glucose

false- consumes very little