ODSC 511C: Stem Cells and their Applications in Tissue Regeneration

what are the primary cells being researched for applications in regenerative medicine?

stem cells

regenerative medicine is also called

tissue engineering

regenerative medicine mainly uses ___ cells to ____

human cells to repair and restore functions of tissues and organs

what is a stem cell?

undifferentiated cell

stem cells have the ability to divide and give rise to

identical, undifferentiated cells

what are the two pathways of stem cells?

self renewal (copying)

differentiation (specializing)

what is the function of stem cell self renewal?

maintains the stem cell pool

what is the function of stem cell differentiation?

replaces dead or damaged cells

What is the heirarcy of stem cells?

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Oligo/Unipotent

Differentiated Cells

blastocysts have what type of stem cell?

pluripotent

where are totipotent stem cells found?

fertilized egg, zygote and 8 cell fetus

which stem cell heirarchy has gem layers defined?

multipotent

which stem cells can become all 3 germ layers?

totipotent and pluripotent

Mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoeitic stem cells come from what germ layer?

mesoderm

Mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoeitic stem cells are what type of stem cell?

multipotent

which stem cell (in terms of heirarchy) has 1 fate

oligo/unipotent progenitors

where are stem cells found?

all over our body

adult stem cells are ___potent

multipotent

embryonic stem cells are ___potent

pluripotent

what is a stem cell niche?

a microenvironment around stem cells that provides support and signals regulating self renewal and differentiation

3 requirements for stem cell niches

direct contact

soluble factors

intermediate cell

3 elements of tissue engineering

stem cells

scaffold

signaling factors

what are the 3 commonly used stem cells in tissue engineering?

embryonic stem cells

induced pluripotent stem cells

adult stem cells

what is the scaffold?

nanoparticules/ materials that support stem cell

what stem cells are present when embryos are 3-5 days old (blastocysts)

embryonic stem cells

embryonic stem cells have the potential to generate what cells

all the cell types in the human body

how do embryonic stem cells grow?

irregularly

they specialize into different cell types spontaneously

which stem cells may trigger an immune response? (recipients body attacks the stem cells as foreign invaders)

embryonic stem cells

which stem cells may specialize spontaneously or fail to function as expected?

embryonic stem cells

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

tissue specific adult somatic cells that have been engineered to behave like embryonic stem cells

induced pluripotent cells can give rise to what cells?

all cell types in teh body

what are +Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, Myc and what do they do?

transcription factors that created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

advantages of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

human origin

easily accessible

expandability

what germ layers can induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) become?

all 3

stem cells have an essential role in ____ homeostasis

tissue homeostasis

can stem cells contribute to hematopoiesis?

yes

types of adult stem cells? (5)

hematopoietic

mesenchymal

neural

epithelial

skin

2 major adult stem cells

hematopoietic

mesenchymal

adult stem cells are also called

somatic stem cells

adult stem cells are more/less specialized than embryonic?

more specialized

adult stem cells are found in small/large numbers in most adult tissue, regardless of age

small numbers

sources of hematopoietic stem cells

bone marrow

peripheral blood

umbilical cord blood

sources of mesenchymal stem cells

dental tissue

bone marrow

adipose tissue

umbilical cord tissue

most adult stem cells are in

bone marrow

dental pulp stem cells are derived from

mesenchymal stem cells

cementoblasts and odontoblasts come from what gem layer?

ectoderm

osteoblasts come from what germ layer?

mesoderm

odontoblasts and cementoblasts come from what stem cells?

dental pulp stem cells

5 requirements for scaffold in tissue engineering?

biocompatibility

biodegradability

mechanical properties

scaffold architecture

manufacturing technology

3 major challenges in stem cells

tumorigenicity

immunogenicity

heterogeneity

stem cell niches regulate

stem cell behavior

soluble factors are released by ____ and travel to the stem cell

niche

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has evolved rapidly since its inception in

2007

are totipotent cells used for therapy?

no

what stem cells can can differentiate into all cell types within one lineage

multipotent

Adult or tissue-specific stem cells appear during ____ and remain in the body throughout life.

fetal development

myeloid and lymphoid stem cells are what type of stem cells?

oligopotent

what stem cells have the lowest differentiation potential compared to other types of stem cells

Unipotent