215 midterm 2 textbook

Elaboration likelihood model

2 routes to persuasion, central route and peripheral route

Central route

Logic and strength of argument, high personal relevance

Peripheral route

Easy to process, superficial cues, low personal relevance

Subliminal stimuli

Stimuli presented below conscious awareness, shaping behaviour, can’t make people do what they oppose

Source characteristics

Attractiveness, credibility, certainty

Sleeper effect

Persuasive message from unreliable source first have little influence but later causes attitude shift. People dissociate source from content overtime

Message characteristics

Quality, vividness, fear, culture

Identifiable victim effect

More moved by individual struggles instead of abstract number of people

Audience characteristics

Need of cognition, mood, age

Message quality

Core values, straightforward, logical, desirable consequences, explicit conclusions, refute opposition, against speakers self interest

Agenda control

Media emphasizing events & topics to shape what people think are important

Hostile media phenomenon

People see media coverage as biased against their own in favour of opponents side

Shared attention

when people believe they are attending to a stimulus at the same time many others are attending to it, they are inclined to process the stimulus more deeply via central route

Thought polarization hypothesis

More extended thought about a particular issue produce more extreme attitudes

Attitude inoculation

Small attacks at people’s beliefs that engage their preexisting attitudes, enable them to counteract a larger attack and resist persuasion

Conformity

Changing one’s beliefs to align with others in response of real/imagined pressure to do so

Compliance

Responding favourably to an explicit request from others

Informational social influence

Taking other’s comments as information source about what’s right

Normative social influence

Desire to avoid other’s disapproval

Internalization

Private acceptance of a ideology

Factors affecting conformity

Group size (3-4)

Anonymity

Expertise

Culture (greater in interdependent cultures)

Tight and loose culture

reasons for mimicry

Thinking about a behaviour makes it more likely to perform that behaviour

Brain region for perception overlap with action

To facilitate smooth social connection

Foot in the door technique

Compliance approach, first make small request then larger request involving real interest

Pluralistic ignorance

Act opposite from their beliefs because they believe others don’t share the same values, which reinforces bad group norm

Descriptive norm

What most people do in a given context

Prescriptive norm

What a person is supposed to behave in a given context

Norm of reciprocity

People should benefit those who benefit them

Reciprocal concessions technique

Compliance technique, ask a large favour then ask a small one with real interest

Negative state relief hypothesis

people agreeing to a request to relieve their negative feelings & feel better about themselves

Reactance theory

People reassert their prerogatives in response to unpleasant state they experience when they feel that their freedoms are threatened

Milgram factors

Opposing forces

Release from responsibility

Step by step involvement

Indecisive disobedience

Modern racism

Prejudice towards racial groups but reject explicitly racist beliefs

Implicit association test

Reveal non conscious attitude towards different groups of people

Affect misattribution procedure

Priming procedure to assess people’s implicit associations to different stimuli

Realistic group theory

Group conflict is likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

Ethnocentrism

Glorifying own group while vilifying other groups

Superordinate goal

Goal that transcends interest of any one group, can be achieved by 2/more groups working together

Minimal group paradigms

Make groups based on seemingly meaningless criteria and see how members of the group are inclined to behave more towards one another

Social identity theory

Persons self concept & esteem also comes from the accomplishments of the groups they belong to

Basking in reflected glory

Taking pride in accomplishments of other people in one’s group

Paired distinctiveness

Pairing of 2 distinctive events that stand out even more because occured together

Subtyping

Creating subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

Out group homogeneity effect

Assuming within group similarity is stronger for out groups than in groups

Own race identification bias

Better able to recognize faces from their own race

Contact hypothesis

Prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another

Multiculturalism

Encourage the acknowledgement of people’s cultural backgroud

Colour blindness

Treating others as unique individual

Conditions for contact hypothesis

1) groups need to have equal status

2) must have a shared goal that requires cooperation

3) community’s broader social norms must support intergroup contact

Social dominance theory

Hierarchical nature of society

Anthropomorphism

Attribution of human traits to nonhuman entities

How hierarchies are kept in place

Individual discrimination

Institutional discrimination

Behavioural asymmertries

Stereotype content model

nature of common group stereotypes vary along the 2 prominent dimensions of warmth and competence

Stereotype threat

Fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have about one group

Marley hypothesis

Different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racism in society today because they differ in their knowledge of racial history

Social intuitionist model of moral judgment

People first have fast emotional reactions to morally relevant events that in turn influence their process of reasoning toward a judgment of right and wrong

Moral foundations theory

5 universal moral domains which specific emotions guide moral judgement

1) care/harm: triggered by signs of vulnerability, elicit sympathy

2) fairness/reciprocity: triggered by unfair acts, elicit anger

3) in group loyalty: evoke group pride and rage

4) authority/respect: embarrassment, shame, envy, pride

5) purity/sanctity: avoiding dangerous diseases, elicit disgust

Selfish motives

1) social reward: benefits gained from helping others

2) personal distress: reduce one’s distress by helping others

Selfless motive

Empathic concern

Kin selection

Evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives at cost of one’s own survival and reproduction

Vagus nerve

Largest bundle of nerves in human nervous system, ancient physiological system promotes social connection, engaged in adults & children when they’re feeling empathic concern

Reciprocal altruism

Helping others with expectations that they will return the favour in future

Prisoner’s dilemma

Payoffs to 2 people who must decide whether to cooperate/defect, cooperation lead to higher joint payoff

Tit for tat strategy

Prisoner’s dilemma strategy, first cooperate, then copy whatever the other person does, works well when used against other strategies