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ground line
used on the “Stela 3”, painted or carved lines representing figures appear to stand, representing separation of landscape
stela (pl. stelai), stele (pl. stelae)
a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, surface often has text, ornamentation
Talud-Tablero Construction
Used in the pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, slope-board construction, allowed for relief sculpture on the sloped pyramid, consisted of a steeply sloping wall (talud) surmounted by a table-like, right-angled panel with an inset (tablero)
buon fresco
painting technique in which water-based pigments are applied to wet plaster
fresco secco
wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder are applied onto a dry plaster
mezzo secco
somewhere in between buon fresco and fresco secco
veneer-Puuc Style
buildings, such as the Nunnery Quadrangle in Uxmal, were decorated with carefully cut___ /thin slices of stones plastered over concrete
mosaic
setting many small pieces of stone into a surface, held together by plaster, creating geometric elements and specifically in Mayan culture, long-nosed masks
flying facade
an architectural design where a building gives an illusion that there are multiple stores, but they are single-storied
atlante(s) / atlantid(s)
a figural column statue sculpted in the form of a man
La Venta, Great Pyramid (Mound C-1) c.1200-900 BCE, Height 100 ft
-Despite the name, most likely not for funerary purposes
-Really just a mound made out of earth, not known why
-Ancient Olmecs placed mounds in bilateral symmetry on a north-south axis
-originally stood on a man-made platform, bigger than a football field
La Venta, Monument 1, c.1200-900 BCE, basalt, 7.9 ft x 6.8 ft x 6.4 ft
colossal: more than twice life-size
-24 ton boulder of basalt, moved to La Venta, carved in place
-The figure wears a helmet-like headdress, carved in a shallow/low relief, while the face has a deeper relief, with puffy, full features
-Due to a hypothesis of a pendant earrings that can’t be seen well, people think it is a queen
Teotihuacan, Pyramid of the Sun, c. 150 CE, 204.75 ft. high
-a place for ceremonial purposes
-a core of rubble and earth, covered in stone, and then stuccoed
-stands directly above a cave complex, an important art of Mesoamerican cultures, source of fertility, or portal to the other realms
-located along the path, Avenue of the Dead, along with other buildings
Teotihuacan, Avenue of the Dead from the top of the Pyramid of the Moon
-similar to Pyramid of the Sun, but not as tall, and wasn’t built in one go. Started off much smaller, and gradually got added on to
veneer: thin layer of material added, usually decorative, not structural, in this case, stone
-more of a stage for ritual sacrifice, and has burial sites surrounding rituals for the Great Goddess of Teotihuacan, name is unknown, sometimes depicted with spider-like forms surrounding her, possibly earth or water goddess
Teotihuacan, Pyramid of Quetzalcoatl, c. 200 CE, 72 ft high
-only has one side at this point because the rest got burned down
Talud-Tablero Construction: slope-board construction, allowed for relief sculpture on the sloped pyramid
-Quetzalcoatl is depicted along the pyramid, his feathered serpent head, and then his body in profile view, alternating with Tlaloc, which has a googly-eyed face and is the rain god
Teotihuacan, Jaguar Blowing Conch Shell, Palace of the Jaguars, c. 450-500 CE
-coming out of the shell are spiraling motifs representing interconnectedness
-used a technique combining buon fresco, fresco secco, mezzo fresco
polychrome: using several colors
Teotihuacan, Stuccoed Tripod Vase, c. 300-500 CE
-possibly a funerary offering from a high status burial
-Although this one was on purpose, usually a technique to bring back old pots by plastering it back together and then painting over it
Tikal, Stela 31, c. 445 CE
-most likely carved to honor the elites, it is in bas-relief
-commissioned by a king of Tikal, with a nickname that translates to “Stormy Sky”
-he has on ceremonial clothing, a headdress, and holding a headdress in honor of his father, also memorializing a past event from 60 years prior
-It was about Teotihuacan emissaries arriving
-Usually only less important ppl are in profile view, but the king is too
Tikal, Temple I, c. 732 CE, 154 ft. high
-This 9-sstepped pyramid design is thought to be symbolic because Mayans believe that the underworld is 9 layers
-originally painted, but didn’t last, also was covered in vegetation, when found by archaeologists, which wore down some of the stone
Tikal, Temple I, Lintel 3, sapodilla wood, c. 735 CE
lintel: a horizontal beam of any material spanning an opening
-the carving shows a large cat protecting Lord Chocolate
-normally wood wouldn’t last, but it is a very dense wood, and is the only wood that would sink in the water
Palenque, Palace of Inscriptions, Stucco Relief on one of the piers of the first gallery, c. 685 CE
-additive method of sculpture: molding plaster ontop of stone to sculpt, using damp stucco, a mixture of plaster and sand, the stucco is painted with every layer, regardless of more being added
Palenque, Temple of Inscriptions, Sarcophagus Lid of Pakal the Great, c. 675 CE
Quadripartite Monster: underwater creature usually worn as a mask for kings during ceremonies
-a piece of limestone, the lid of his coffin, probably not indigenous to Palenque
-shows the king falling into the monster
World Tree: connection of the 3 realms in Mayan culture, at the base is the monster, top is celestial, middle is earth
-reference to the movement of the soul
Calakmul, Building Sub 1-4, southeast corner mural, c. 620-700 CE
-represented the lives of everyday Mayan people: going to the market, drinking corn beer, eating tomatoes
Genre scenes: scenes of everyday life
Mezzo Fresco
The two glyphs means tamale person/vendor
