Theories of Development Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering personality, temperament, and various developmental theories including Maslow, Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, Sullivan, and Peplau based on the lecture material.

Personality

The enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about oneself and the environment that is demonstrated in our social and interpersonal relationships.

Physiologic needs

The first level of Maslow’s hierarchy theorized as essential for basic functioning.

Self-actualization

The level in Maslow's hierarchy representing growth and fulfillment; a person cannot move to this higher level until previous level needs are satisfied.

William Glasser

The humanistic psychologist who developed Reality Therapy and Control Theory, which includes four basic psychological needs: love and belonging, power and control, freedom and choice, and fun and relaxation.

Temperament

The inherent way one reacts to stimuli, self-regulates, and the intensity of their emotions and reactions.

Easy temperament

The largest group in babies' temperament studies; characterized as playful and adaptable.

Difficult temperament

A temperament group in babies characterized as irritable and unable to adapt well.

Slow-to-warm-up temperament

A temperament group in babies characterized by lower activity levels and slower adaptation to new situations.

Conscious

A level of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory representing present awareness.

Preconscious/subconscious

A level of Freud’s theory identifying thoughts below current awareness that are easily retrieved.

Unconscious

A level of Freud’s theory containing past experiences and related emotions completely removed from the conscious level.

Transference

The unconscious transfer of feelings and attitudes from a person or situation in one’s past to a person or situation in the present.

Countertransference

The response that is elicited in the person receiving transferred feelings or communications.

Id

The component of personality in Freud’s theory that operates on the pleasure principle.

Ego

The component of personality in Freud’s theory described as the conscious self.

Superego

The component of personality in Freud’s theory described as the conscience.

Trust vs. mistrust

Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development occurring from birth to $1$ year.

Autonomy vs. shame + doubt

Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development occurring for ages $1$ to $2$ years.

Initiative vs. guilt

Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development occurring for ages $2$ to $6$ years.

Industry vs. inferiority

Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development occurring for ages $6$ to $12$ years.

Identity vs. role confusion

Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development occurring for ages $12$ to $18$ years.

Intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development occurring for ages $19$ to $40$ years.

Generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson’s seventh stage of psychosocial development occurring for ages $40$ to $65$ years.

Integrity vs. despair

Erikson’s eighth stage of psychosocial development occurring in individuals greater than $65$ years.

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, occurring from $9$ months to $1$ year old.

Preoperational stage

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, occurring from $2$ to $7$ years old.

Concrete mental operations

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, occurring from $7$ to $12$ years old.

Formal operations

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, occurring from $11$ to $12$ years and older.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Theorist who proposed that reasons given to justify behavior establish the level of ethical development across six stages on three levels.

Anxiety (Sullivan)

In Harry S. Sullivan's interpersonal development theory, the direct result of unmet needs and interpersonal dissatisfaction.

Good-me; bad-me; not-me

Concepts of self-development identified in Harry S. Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development.

Hildegard Peplau

Developed the theory of psychodynamic nursing which includes four stages of development: infancy, toddler, early childhood, and late childhood.

Solid self

Part of Bowen’s family systems theory; refers to behavior based on internal convictions and principles that allows one to cope effectively.

Pseudoself

Part of Bowen’s family systems theory; refers to an external locus of control where an individual relies on external sources to cope.

Skinner’s behavioristic theory

The theory that behavior is the result of conditioning shaped by a system of reward, punishment, and reinforcement.

Bandura’s social learning theory

The theory that individuals change their surroundings through internal and external forces, and learning is based on the observation and imitation of models.

Beck’s cognitive-behavioral theory

Focuses on the individual’s abilities to think, analyze, and decide on certain behavior rather than acting on feelings.