N212 Pathophysiology Study Guide Exam 3

200 Vocabulary Flashcards for N212 Pathophysiology Exam 3

Hypertrophy

Damaged heart muscle due to overcompensation against resistance, causing the left ventricle to enlarge.

Stage 2 Hypertension

Systolic blood pressure over 130/90.

Complications of Hypertension

Brain stroke, blood vessel damage, kidney failure, vision loss, heart attack, bone loss.

Effects of Hypertension on Kidneys

Decreased urine output due to the kidneys not being able to filter blood effectively.

Contraindications of Beta Blockers

Hold if HR < 60 or Systolic BP < 90 or 110; hold if they have asthma.

First Priority in Hypovolemic Shock

IV access and fluids.

Organ Function in Shock

Shutting down.

Third-Spacing

Fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, unusable by the body.

Cause of Myocardial Infarction

Buildup of plaque in the coronary artery walls leading to a blood clot.

Metabolic Syndrome

Hypertension, high lipid levels, diabetes occurring together.

Direct Effect of HTN on the Heart

Increases afterload, forcing the heart to pump harder against a higher pressure.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

The heart muscle thickens.

Vessels Blocked by Atherosclerosis

Coronary arteries, carotid and cerebral arteries, renal arteries, peripheral arteries.

Atherosclerosis

A chronic inflammatory process where plaque builds up inside the arteries.

Components of Plaque

LDL, triglycerides, WBCs, calcium, and fibrous tissue.

Labs Identifying Cardiac Damage

Cardiac troponin, lipids, CBC, CMP, CRP/ESR, EKG, Echo, CT, MRI, O2 therapy, CK-MB, BNP.

Common Symptoms of Heart Failure

SOB, chest pain, pulmonary edema, sudden weight gain, tiredness, coughing, dizziness, edema in lower extremities, loss of appetite, abdominal bloating, sleep disturbance.

Right Side of the Heart Function

Receives deoxygenated blood.

Fluid Backup in Right-Sided Heart Failure

Fluid backing up from the right side of the heart goes back into the abdomen and the liver is flooded.

Symptoms of Right-Sided Heart Failure

Edema, distended jugular vein.

Symptoms of Left-Sided Heart Failure

Pulmonary edema, SOB, hacking, coughing, S3.

Compensatory Mechanism in Heart Failure (Kidneys)

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Beta Blocker Action

Lowers the heart rate and BP.

Types of Strokes

Hemorrhagic and ischemic.

Physiological Event in Stroke

Hemorrhagic: blood vessel ruptured; Ischemic: blood clot in the brain.

DIC Stages

Clotting followed by bleeding.

Early Sign of DIC

Petechaie.

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

High blood glucose levels.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose levels.

Risk Factors for Insulin Resistance

Factors that make people insulin resistant.

Impact of Gestational Diabetes on the Fetus

Large baby, hyperglycemia.

Population at Risk for Gestational Diabetes

Asian Indian women.

DKA Signs and Symptoms

Signs and symptoms include hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.

HHS Management

Insulin therapy, Electrolyte correction

Somogyi Phenomenon

Hypoglycemia at night, followed by rebound high blood glucose level in the morning.

Dawn Phenomenon

High blood glucose levels in the morning due to natural hormones.

Somogyi and Dawn Phenomenon

This phenomenon causes people with diabetes to have high blood glucose levels in the morning, but have different causes

Somogyi and Dawn Phenomenon

This causes people with diabetes to have high blood glucose levels in the morning, but have different causes.

Diabetes Insipidus Signs and Symptoms

Excessive urination, lower electrolytes, high sodium

Feedback for thyroid

Pituitary Gland

Grave’s Disease Patient

Bulging eyes, skinny, hyperthyroid, TSH low, T4 high

Iodine relation to Thyroid Disease

Foods you would encourage the patient to avoid when they’re hypothyroid

Signs and Symptoms of Migraine

Headache, scalp pain, photophobia

Signs and Symptoms of Meniere’s Disease

Common symptoms are Vertigo/dizziness, tinnitus/ringing in the ear, and hearing loss

Vision loss with glaucoma

A progressive loss of the outer visual field, often described as tunnel vision

Vision loss with macular degeneration

Central vision loss, making it difficult to see details directly in front of you.

Cause of Cushing’s Disease

Increased cortisol levels.

Cause of Diabetes Insipidus

Lacking ADH

Grave’s Disease Patient Appearance

Bulging eyes, skinny, hyperthyroid, TSH low, T4 high.

Thyroid Storm

going too fast what’s going to happen to the rest of your body and organs?

Fibromyalgia

Muscle pain and tenderness, fatigue, sleep problems, memory issues

Otitis Media

Infection of the middle ear

Glaucoma Vision Loss

Look Through a Straw

Macular Degeneration

Damage to the macula, leading to central vision loss

Signs and Symptoms of Low Blood Glucose Level

Low Blood Glucose Level

Signs and Symptoms of Fibromyalgia

Muscle pain and tenderness, fatigue, sleep problems, memory issues

Signs and Symptoms of Meniere’s Disease

Vertigo/dizziness, tinnitus/ringing in the ear, and hearing loss

Cushing’s Syndrome

Increased cortisol and hyper.

Grave’s Disease

Bulging eyes, skinny, hyperthyroid, TSH low, T4 high.

Thyroid Storm

Going too fast what’s going to happen to the rest of your body and organs?

Otitis Media

Infection of the middle ear.

Atherosclerosis

A chronic inflammatory process where plaque builds up inside the arteries.

Right Side of the Heart

Receives deoxygenated blood.

Macular Degeneration

Damage to the macula.

Vessel Blocked By PAD

Peripheral Arteries

Vessel Blocked By Cardiovascular disease

Coronary Arteries, Carotid and Cerebral arteries, Renal Arteries, Peripheral Arteries.

Ischemic Stroke

A blood clot in the brain

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Blood vessel ruptured

Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment

TPA, aspirin, etc.

Organs Function In Shock

Shutting down

Hyperglycemia Symptoms

High blood glucose levels

High Risk in Gestational Diabetes

Asian Indian Women

HHS Management

Insulin therapy and electrolyte balance

Dawn Phenomenon

High in the morning d/t hormones

Diabetes Insipidus

Excessive electrolytes out

Thyroid Testing

T3, T4 and TSH tests

Metabolic Syndrome

High BP, lipids and diabetes

Fibromyalgia Symptoms

Fatigue and muscle pain

Cushing's Disease

Increased Cortisol Levels

Symptoms of Fibromyalgia

Muscle pain and tenderness, fatigue, sleep problems, memory problems, and mood issues.

Sign of Glaucoma vision loss

Tunnel visions

Macular Degeneration

Damage to the back of your eye

CHF symptoms

SOB, chest pain and sudden weight gain

Artery blocked by cardiovascular disease

Peripheral Artery disease

HTN

High BP

HR and BP

Beta Blocker

Hyperglycemia

Hyper and High blood sugar

DKA signs and symptoms

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Somogyi Phenomenon Symptoms

Hypoglycemia at night

Diabetes Insipidus Symptoms

High Sodium

SIADH symptoms

Low level of urine

Hormonal testing for TSH

TSH, T3, T4 testing

Cortisol levels

Addison’s and Cushing’s

Tunnel Vision

Vision loss and glaucoma

Atherosclerosis definition

Plaque build up

Third spacing definition

Fluid in interstitial space

Hypokalemia definition

Potassium lab imbalance

Hypotension Definition

Low blood pressure

High BP lab

High Blood Pressure

Bradycardia lab result

Low HR