monosaccharide
The broadest name for a single sugar is
water
What is removed when two monosaccharides are joined to make a disaccharide?
sucrose
glucose + fructose.
Organic
Contains carbon and related to living matter
cell wall
Which part of a plant cell contains cellulose?
3 or more
How many monosaccharides in a polysaccharide?
monosaccharide (glucose)
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
large
"Macro" means ________________.
polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen are all examples of
quick energy
Carbohydrates provide us with
Water
Which of these is NOT one of the four major types of organic macromolecules?
adds
Hydrolysis _________ water.
glucose
What is this molecule?
polysaccharide
What is this molecule?
Meat, Eggs
Which foods do NOT have a large amount of carbohydrates?
Photosynthesis
Glucose is made by plants when they do ___________________.
sugar
Any word beginning in glyco OR ending in "-ose" is most likely a
Sucrose
What sugar is used as "table sugar?"
starch
Which polysaccharide is used by plants for short-term energy storage?
cellulose
Which polysaccharide is found in the cell WALLS of PLANT cells?
Glycogen
Which polysaccharide is made by the liver in animals and used to store energy?
splits large molecules apart
Hydrolysis ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________.
removes
Dehydration synthesis ___________ water.
joins small molecules together
Dehydration synthesis ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________.
Fructose
fruit sugar
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Lipids
Energy-rich biomolecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; generally not soluble in water
Monomers for Lipids
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Elements found in Lipids
Mostly Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and some Oxygen (O)
Functions of Lipids
long-term energy storageact as structural components of cell membranesprovide insulation
Examples of Lipids
fats, oils, waxes
Fatty Acid Structure
long hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) chains
Triglyceride
Three fatty acids "tails" attached to a glycerol "head"
Saturated Fats
Fatty acids that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible; solid at room temperature; carbon atoms are joined together by a single bond
Unsaturated
Fatty acids that do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible; liquid at room temperature; at least one pair of carbon atoms is joined by a double bond
Define enzyme
Are proteins that function as catalysts.
They allow chemical reactions to occur at normal body temperature fast enough to sustain life. They reduce the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
function of an enzyme
Substrates.
What are the reactants for the reaction called?
No
Are enzymes used up in reactions?
Concentration, temperature, pH and co-factors.
List the factors affecting enzyme activity
The higher the concentration of enzyme, the faster the reaction will occur. When substrates are all used the reaction will level off.
How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?
The optimum temperature is the one at which the enzyme works best. Being proteins above 45C the shape of their active sites change, they denature and become inactive. Up to denaturation temperature, the rate of reaction increases as the temperature rises. Cooler than optimum temperature, the rate is slower, but the enzyme is not damaged.
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
Enzymes often work best in a narrow, specific pH range. The enzyme will denature when outside the range.
How does pH affect enzyme activity?
Denature
A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).
Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
Maltase
A digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose.
Substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
optimum temperature
The temperature at which an enzyme is most active
globular proteins
these are compact, generally rounded, and soluble in water.
fibrous proteins
long, insoluble, structural proteins.
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Inhibitor
A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reac
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
sucrose, lactose, maltose
disaccharides
polysaccharides
a molecule that has a large number of repeating similar units bonded together. (a long chain of 3 or more monosaccharides). the polymer of carbohydrates
Two sides or strands of DNA that twist together like a twisted ladder.
What is the double helix?
in the nucleus of every human cell
Where is DNA found?
Yes, from one generation to another.
Does DNA get pass on?
Guides the cell (along with RNA) in making new proteins that determine all of our biological traits
What does DNA do?
Building blocks of nucleic acid.
What is a nucleotide?
2 long chains
How many chains of nucleotides is DNA made of?
5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
deoxyribose
What is the 5-carbon sugar in nucleotide of DNA?
nitrogen and carbon atoms
What does the nitrogenous base part of a nucleotide in DNA contain?
An antiparallel double helix
What can you think of DNA structure as?
Connect the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next nucleotide.
What do covalent bonds do in DNA structure?
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides where adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)
What are the "steps" of the DNA structure/"staircase"?
Two complimentary nucleotides (purine with pyrimidine) bound together by hydrogen bonds.
What is each base pair formed from?
A weak chemical bond that occurs between hydrogen atoms and more electronegative atoms, like oxygen, nitrogen and flourine.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Bases that have a double ring of carbon & nitrogen atoms ( Adenine (A) and Guanine (G))
What are purines?
Bases that have a single ring of carbon & nitrogen atoms ( Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T))
What are pyridimines?
On opposite DNA strands:
Adenine (A) with Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)
What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?
Each pair contains one purine & one pyridimine
What is the complementary base pair rule?
The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA.
What is base sequence?
TAAG
What would the complementary sequence for ATTC be?