Biomolecules (all topics)

monosaccharide

The broadest name for a single sugar is

water

What is removed when two monosaccharides are joined to make a disaccharide?

sucrose

glucose + fructose.

Organic

Contains carbon and related to living matter

cell wall

Which part of a plant cell contains cellulose?

3 or more

How many monosaccharides in a polysaccharide?

monosaccharide (glucose)

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

large

"Macro" means \________________.

polysaccharides

Starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen are all examples of

quick energy

Carbohydrates provide us with

Water

Which of these is NOT one of the four major types of organic macromolecules?

adds

Hydrolysis \_________ water.

glucose

What is this molecule?

polysaccharide

What is this molecule?

Meat, Eggs

Which foods do NOT have a large amount of carbohydrates?

Photosynthesis

Glucose is made by plants when they do \___________________.

sugar

Any word beginning in glyco OR ending in "-ose" is most likely a

Sucrose

What sugar is used as "table sugar?"

starch

Which polysaccharide is used by plants for short-term energy storage?

cellulose

Which polysaccharide is found in the cell WALLS of PLANT cells?

Glycogen

Which polysaccharide is made by the liver in animals and used to store energy?

splits large molecules apart

Hydrolysis \___________ \___________ \___________ \___________.

removes

Dehydration synthesis \___________ water.

joins small molecules together

Dehydration synthesis \___________ \___________ \___________ \___________.

Fructose

fruit sugar

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Lipids

Energy-rich biomolecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; generally not soluble in water

Monomers for Lipids

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Elements found in Lipids

Mostly Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and some Oxygen (O)

Functions of Lipids

long-term energy storageact as structural components of cell membranesprovide insulation

Examples of Lipids

fats, oils, waxes

Fatty Acid Structure

long hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) chains

Triglyceride

Three fatty acids "tails" attached to a glycerol "head"

Saturated Fats

Fatty acids that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible; solid at room temperature; carbon atoms are joined together by a single bond

Unsaturated

Fatty acids that do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible; liquid at room temperature; at least one pair of carbon atoms is joined by a double bond

Define enzyme

Are proteins that function as catalysts.

They allow chemical reactions to occur at normal body temperature fast enough to sustain life. They reduce the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

function of an enzyme

Substrates.

What are the reactants for the reaction called?

No

Are enzymes used up in reactions?

Concentration, temperature, pH and co-factors.

List the factors affecting enzyme activity

The higher the concentration of enzyme, the faster the reaction will occur. When substrates are all used the reaction will level off.

How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

The optimum temperature is the one at which the enzyme works best. Being proteins above 45C the shape of their active sites change, they denature and become inactive. Up to denaturation temperature, the rate of reaction increases as the temperature rises. Cooler than optimum temperature, the rate is slower, but the enzyme is not damaged.

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Enzymes often work best in a narrow, specific pH range. The enzyme will denature when outside the range.

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

Maltase

A digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose.

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

optimum temperature

The temperature at which an enzyme is most active

globular proteins

these are compact, generally rounded, and soluble in water.

fibrous proteins

long, insoluble, structural proteins.

active site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Inhibitor

A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reac

monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, fructose

sucrose, lactose, maltose

disaccharides

polysaccharides

a molecule that has a large number of repeating similar units bonded together. (a long chain of 3 or more monosaccharides). the polymer of carbohydrates

Two sides or strands of DNA that twist together like a twisted ladder.

What is the double helix?

in the nucleus of every human cell

Where is DNA found?

Yes, from one generation to another.

Does DNA get pass on?

Guides the cell (along with RNA) in making new proteins that determine all of our biological traits

What does DNA do?

Building blocks of nucleic acid.

What is a nucleotide?

2 long chains

How many chains of nucleotides is DNA made of?

- 5-carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogenous base

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

deoxyribose

What is the 5-carbon sugar in nucleotide of DNA?

nitrogen and carbon atoms

What does the nitrogenous base part of a nucleotide in DNA contain?

An antiparallel double helix

What can you think of DNA structure as?

Connect the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next nucleotide.

What do covalent bonds do in DNA structure?

- thymine (T)
- cytosine (C)
- adenine (A)
- guanine (G)

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides where adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G)

What are the "steps" of the DNA structure/"staircase"?

Two complimentary nucleotides (purine with pyrimidine) bound together by hydrogen bonds.

What is each base pair formed from?

A weak chemical bond that occurs between hydrogen atoms and more electronegative atoms, like oxygen, nitrogen and flourine.

What is a hydrogen bond?

Bases that have a double ring of carbon & nitrogen atoms (
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G))

What are purines?

Bases that have a single ring of carbon & nitrogen atoms (
Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T))

What are pyridimines?

On opposite DNA strands:
- Adenine (A) with Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

Each pair contains one purine & one pyridimine

What is the complementary base pair rule?

The order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA.

What is base sequence?

TAAG

What would the complementary sequence for ATTC be?