Sociology Final

Sociology focuses on the role which of the following plays in human behavior?

social factors

Which of the following is a sociological explanation for why group X has higher income \n levels than group Y?

group X has a culture that values education more than group Y

Which of the following is the level of analysis for sociologists?

society

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological explanation for the higher \n murder rates of males?

testosterone

A structural functionalist would likely consider the childcare that schools provide as an example o

latent function

Which of the following is NOT one of the “distinctive characteristics of sociology” listed \n in class?

Human behavior is mostly biologically determine

Which of the following is an assumption of structural functionalism?

all patterned behavior contributes to the stability of societ

Which of the following is an assumption of social conflict theory

competition is the heart of all social relationship

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of symbolic interactionism

humans are biologically predisposed to different personality characteristic

\
A theorist from which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that the school \n system ensures that society has a skilled work force

structural functionalism

A theorist from which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that children \n from different cultural backgrounds may interpret conversations with the teacher in different \n ways?

symbolic interactionism

When the values of two or more variables change together it is called

correlation

If we find that countries with more religious freedom also tend to have more \n economic freedom we can say:

Economic freedom and religious freedom are positively correlated

If we find that countries with more religious freedom are no more or less likely to \n have a lot of economic freedom than countries with less religious freedom we can \n say

Economic freedom and religious freedom are not correlated

Measuring exactly what you intend to measure is

validity

Which of the following is consistency in measurement

Reliability

Which of the following is personal neutrality in research

Objectivity

Which of the following is an apparent but false relationship between two variables that \n is caused by another variable

Spurious correlation

Max Weber argued that workers should be which of the following in their research

Value-free

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of scientific sociology listed in the tex

Human behavior is much simpler than sociologists usually thin

Which of the following research orientations corresponds to Symbolic Interactions

Interpretive Sociology

Which of the following research orientations sees society as an orderly system

Positivist Sociology

Which of the following theorists studied stages of moral reasoning

Kohlberg

Which of the following theorists argued that the personality is made up of the id, ego and \n superego?

Freud

Which of the following theorists identified four stages of cognitive development

Piaget

\
Which of the following theorists emphasizes the challenges we face throughout life

Erikson

Which of the following is a human being’s basic drives?

Id

Our self-image based on how we think others see us is called the

looking-glass self

Interpreting someone’s past in view of some present deviance is called

Retrospective labeling

A powerfully negative label that changes a person’s self-concept and self-identity is called a

Stigma

What age group is overrepresented in American crimes?

15-24

What age group is overrepresented in American crimes

Deterrence

Which of the following statements about crime in the United States between about 1990 and \n 2018 is true?

Both violent crime and property crime have decreased

Which of the following is NOT a standard of causation, according to class lecture?

change in value of the dependent value must precede change in the value of the \n independent variable

Phonetic rules are

Rules about sounds made by a language

Which of the following things must be true for a behavior to be considered cultural?

it must be learned

Which of the following is NOT something that varies across cultures?

the desire to eat

Which of the following is NOT an “element of culture”

Hair color

Which of the following is a benefit of using a questionnaire-type survey as a research \n method?

researcher can easily get a large sample size

Which of the following is necessary for questionnaire type survey responses to be \n generalizable to the population of interest

the sample must be randomly selected

Which of the following is a limitation of questionnaire-type surveys?

hey are dependent on the accuracy and honesty of the respondents

What is a limitation of the experimental method

they can have an artificial quality to them, especially if they are done ethically

What is an advantage of participant observation?

researcher can directly observe behavior in a natural setting

\
Speeding is a good example of

A weakly held, formally enforced norm violation

Which of the following is an accurate statement about norms

norms are situationa

The idea that chewing tobacco is wrong is an example of

Value

The claim that chewing tobacco could cause cancer is an example of

Belief

Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance identified by Durkheim

deviance provides jobs and keeps the economy runnin

Which of the following major theories would be most likely to view the different punishments \n between crack and powder cocaine as the result of the powerful making laws that benefit themselves?

social conflict theory

Which of the following is a common theory in sociology for why the American crime rate \n changed between 1990 and 2018?

harsher punishment

Evaluating other cultures using the standards of your own is called

ethnocentrism

Which of the following approaches to studying different cultures did the instructor advocate?

methodological cultural relativism

The lifelong process by which humans learn culture and develop their human potential

socialization

Radically changing some aspect of someone’s personality using careful control of the environment

resocialization

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic observed by Goffman in total institutions?

specially tailored treatment for each individual

fter total institutions break down one’s existing identity, they rebuild it using

rewards and punishment

A theorist from which of the following perspectives is most likely to point out how behaviors that \n challenge capitalism are defined as deviant

social conflict theory

Which of the following is a common theory in sociology for why the American crime rate \n changed between 1990 and 2018?

an aging population

Which of the following is a common theory in sociology for why the American crime rate \n changed between 1990 and 2018?

technological advances

What kinds of crime have seen a significant increase in the last couple of years?

violent crime

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of stratification in sociology?

Stratification is always the result of differences in personal merit

What is the term used for cultural beliefs that justify inequality?

Ideology

Which of the following is a stratification system where one’s position is \n determined by both birth and achievement?

Class

Marx believed that the most important distinction in society was between

Those that own the means of production and those that do not

What word best describes how Marx saw the relationship between those two \n groups listed above?

Exploitative

What was the main means of production in Feudal Europe?

land

Davis and Moore saw inequality as serving what functions?

providing motivation and sorting people into appropriate jobs

Davis and Moore were concerned with getting which people into which jobs?

The most talented people in the most important and difficult jobs

Which of the following examples would be problematic for Davis and Moore’s \n theory of inequality?

Entertainers are paid more than kindergarten teachers

What percentage of all American income did the top 20% earn in 2021?

52\.7

What percentage of all American wealth was possessed by the bottom 20% in \n 2014?

They had negative wealth

About what percent of Americans were poor in 2021?

11\.6

What was the poverty threshold for a household with 2 adults and 2 children in \n 2021?

$27,749

Which of the following does the Census bureau take into consideration when \n they set the poverty thresholds?

household size

Which of the following is true about the American GINI coefficient?

we have the most inequality of the wealthy, industrialized countries

What did Marx expect to happen as a result of the intense exploitation of the \n proletariat?

A proletariat revolution

What is an example of an “ideology” of stratification that is common in the \n United States?

Those who work hard deserve more rewards

Which of the following family structures are at the greatest risk for poverty in \n the United States?

single parent, female-headed

Which of the following variables is highly correlated with the likelihood of \n poverty in the United States?

Education

Which of the following theories explains global inequality primarily using \n differences in technology, infrastructure and culture?

Modernization theory

Which of the following characteristics is defined as “traditional”?

Male dominated

Which of the following characteristics is defined as “modern”?

More transparency

What kinds of explanations for global inequality did the instructor argue had \n no merit?

biological

What percentage of global income did the bottom 20% earn in 2019?

0\.5%

What categories does the World Bank now use to rank countries \n economically?

upper-income, upper middle-income, lower middle-income, lower-income

A change in someone’s social position during their lifetime is

Intragenerational mobility

What group of Americans has seen the largest increase in income since the \n 1980”s?

The top 20% of Americans

Which of the following statements about marriage and mobility is true?

marriage increases wealth

Which of the following statements are true regarding wealth and politics?

Wealthy people are more conservative on economic issues

Which of the following theories has been criticized for “blaming the victim”?

Modernization theory

Which of the following statements are true regarding women and education?

Women get a majority of post graduate degrees

Which of the following is NOT true about gender stratification in the United States?

Women are overrepresented among murder victims

Which of the following types of feminism advocates a revolution creating a state- \n centered economy?

Socialist feminism

The major sociological theory that sees gender as two complementary patterns \n of behavior is

structural functionalism

The major sociological theory that sees gender in terms of one sex having \n power over another is

Social conflict theory

The cultural expectations attached to being male or female is called

Gender

Which age is at greatest risk for poverty in the United States?

children

A rigid and unfair characterization about an entire group of people is

Prejudice

The state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal \n standing is called

pluralism

The systematic killing of one group of people by another is called

Genocide