Sociology Final

studied byStudied by 5 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Sociology focuses on the role which of the following plays in human behavior?

1 / 169

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

170 Terms

1

Sociology focuses on the role which of the following plays in human behavior?

social factors

New cards
2

Which of the following is a sociological explanation for why group X has higher income \n levels than group Y?

group X has a culture that values education more than group Y

New cards
3

Which of the following is the level of analysis for sociologists?

society

New cards
4

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological explanation for the higher \n murder rates of males?

testosterone

New cards
5

A structural functionalist would likely consider the childcare that schools provide as an example o

latent function

New cards
6

Which of the following is NOT one of the “distinctive characteristics of sociology” listed \n in class?

Human behavior is mostly biologically determine

New cards
7

Which of the following is an assumption of structural functionalism?

all patterned behavior contributes to the stability of societ

New cards
8

Which of the following is an assumption of social conflict theory

competition is the heart of all social relationship

New cards
9

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of symbolic interactionism

humans are biologically predisposed to different personality characteristic

New cards
10

A theorist from which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that the school \n system ensures that society has a skilled work force

structural functionalism

New cards
11

A theorist from which of the following perspectives would be most likely to point out that children \n from different cultural backgrounds may interpret conversations with the teacher in different \n ways?

symbolic interactionism

New cards
12

When the values of two or more variables change together it is called

correlation

New cards
13

If we find that countries with more religious freedom also tend to have more \n economic freedom we can say:

Economic freedom and religious freedom are positively correlated

New cards
14

If we find that countries with more religious freedom are no more or less likely to \n have a lot of economic freedom than countries with less religious freedom we can \n say

Economic freedom and religious freedom are not correlated

New cards
15

Measuring exactly what you intend to measure is

validity

New cards
16

Which of the following is consistency in measurement

Reliability

New cards
17

Which of the following is personal neutrality in research

Objectivity

New cards
18

Which of the following is an apparent but false relationship between two variables that \n is caused by another variable

Spurious correlation

New cards
19

Max Weber argued that workers should be which of the following in their research

Value-free

New cards
20

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of scientific sociology listed in the tex

Human behavior is much simpler than sociologists usually thin

New cards
21

Which of the following research orientations corresponds to Symbolic Interactions

Interpretive Sociology

New cards
22

Which of the following research orientations sees society as an orderly system

Positivist Sociology

New cards
23

Which of the following theorists studied stages of moral reasoning

Kohlberg

New cards
24

Which of the following theorists argued that the personality is made up of the id, ego and \n superego?

Freud

New cards
25

Which of the following theorists identified four stages of cognitive development

Piaget

New cards
26

Which of the following theorists emphasizes the challenges we face throughout life

Erikson

New cards
27

Which of the following is a human being’s basic drives?

Id

New cards
28

Our self-image based on how we think others see us is called the

looking-glass self

New cards
29

Interpreting someone’s past in view of some present deviance is called

Retrospective labeling

New cards
30

A powerfully negative label that changes a person’s self-concept and self-identity is called a

Stigma

New cards
31

What age group is overrepresented in American crimes?

15-24

New cards
32

What age group is overrepresented in American crimes

Deterrence

New cards
33

Which of the following statements about crime in the United States between about 1990 and \n 2018 is true?

Both violent crime and property crime have decreased

New cards
34

Which of the following is NOT a standard of causation, according to class lecture?

change in value of the dependent value must precede change in the value of the \n independent variable

New cards
35

Phonetic rules are

Rules about sounds made by a language

New cards
36

Which of the following things must be true for a behavior to be considered cultural?

it must be learned

New cards
37

Which of the following is NOT something that varies across cultures?

the desire to eat

New cards
38

Which of the following is NOT an “element of culture”

Hair color

New cards
39

Which of the following is a benefit of using a questionnaire-type survey as a research \n method?

researcher can easily get a large sample size

New cards
40

Which of the following is necessary for questionnaire type survey responses to be \n generalizable to the population of interest

the sample must be randomly selected

New cards
41

Which of the following is a limitation of questionnaire-type surveys?

hey are dependent on the accuracy and honesty of the respondents

New cards
42

What is a limitation of the experimental method

they can have an artificial quality to them, especially if they are done ethically

New cards
43

What is an advantage of participant observation?

researcher can directly observe behavior in a natural setting

New cards
44

Speeding is a good example of

A weakly held, formally enforced norm violation

New cards
45

Which of the following is an accurate statement about norms

norms are situationa

New cards
46

The idea that chewing tobacco is wrong is an example of

Value

New cards
47

The claim that chewing tobacco could cause cancer is an example of

Belief

New cards
48

Which of the following is NOT a function of deviance identified by Durkheim

deviance provides jobs and keeps the economy runnin

New cards
49

Which of the following major theories would be most likely to view the different punishments \n between crack and powder cocaine as the result of the powerful making laws that benefit themselves?

social conflict theory

New cards
50

Which of the following is a common theory in sociology for why the American crime rate \n changed between 1990 and 2018?

harsher punishment

New cards
51

Evaluating other cultures using the standards of your own is called

ethnocentrism

New cards
52

Which of the following approaches to studying different cultures did the instructor advocate?

methodological cultural relativism

New cards
53

The lifelong process by which humans learn culture and develop their human potential

socialization

New cards
54

Radically changing some aspect of someone’s personality using careful control of the environment

resocialization

New cards
55

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic observed by Goffman in total institutions?

specially tailored treatment for each individual

New cards
56

fter total institutions break down one’s existing identity, they rebuild it using

rewards and punishment

New cards
57

A theorist from which of the following perspectives is most likely to point out how behaviors that \n challenge capitalism are defined as deviant

social conflict theory

New cards
58

Which of the following is a common theory in sociology for why the American crime rate \n changed between 1990 and 2018?

an aging population

New cards
59

Which of the following is a common theory in sociology for why the American crime rate \n changed between 1990 and 2018?

technological advances

New cards
60

What kinds of crime have seen a significant increase in the last couple of years?

violent crime

New cards
61

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of stratification in sociology?

Stratification is always the result of differences in personal merit

New cards
62

What is the term used for cultural beliefs that justify inequality?

Ideology

New cards
63

Which of the following is a stratification system where one’s position is \n determined by both birth and achievement?

Class

New cards
64

Marx believed that the most important distinction in society was between

Those that own the means of production and those that do not

New cards
65

What word best describes how Marx saw the relationship between those two \n groups listed above?

Exploitative

New cards
66

What was the main means of production in Feudal Europe?

land

New cards
67

Davis and Moore saw inequality as serving what functions?

providing motivation and sorting people into appropriate jobs

New cards
68

Davis and Moore were concerned with getting which people into which jobs?

The most talented people in the most important and difficult jobs

New cards
69

Which of the following examples would be problematic for Davis and Moore’s \n theory of inequality?

Entertainers are paid more than kindergarten teachers

New cards
70

What percentage of all American income did the top 20% earn in 2021?

52.7

New cards
71

What percentage of all American wealth was possessed by the bottom 20% in \n 2014?

They had negative wealth

New cards
72

About what percent of Americans were poor in 2021?

11.6

New cards
73

What was the poverty threshold for a household with 2 adults and 2 children in \n 2021?

$27,749

New cards
74

Which of the following does the Census bureau take into consideration when \n they set the poverty thresholds?

household size

New cards
75

Which of the following is true about the American GINI coefficient?

we have the most inequality of the wealthy, industrialized countries

New cards
76

What did Marx expect to happen as a result of the intense exploitation of the \n proletariat?

A proletariat revolution

New cards
77

What is an example of an “ideology” of stratification that is common in the \n United States?

Those who work hard deserve more rewards

New cards
78

Which of the following family structures are at the greatest risk for poverty in \n the United States?

single parent, female-headed

New cards
79

Which of the following variables is highly correlated with the likelihood of \n poverty in the United States?

Education

New cards
80

Which of the following theories explains global inequality primarily using \n differences in technology, infrastructure and culture?

Modernization theory

New cards
81

Which of the following characteristics is defined as “traditional”?

Male dominated

New cards
82

Which of the following characteristics is defined as “modern”?

More transparency

New cards
83

What kinds of explanations for global inequality did the instructor argue had \n no merit?

biological

New cards
84

What percentage of global income did the bottom 20% earn in 2019?

0.5%

New cards
85

What categories does the World Bank now use to rank countries \n economically?

upper-income, upper middle-income, lower middle-income, lower-income

New cards
86

A change in someone’s social position during their lifetime is

Intragenerational mobility

New cards
87

What group of Americans has seen the largest increase in income since the \n 1980”s?

The top 20% of Americans

New cards
88

Which of the following statements about marriage and mobility is true?

marriage increases wealth

New cards
89

Which of the following statements are true regarding wealth and politics?

Wealthy people are more conservative on economic issues

New cards
90

Which of the following theories has been criticized for “blaming the victim”?

Modernization theory

New cards
91

Which of the following statements are true regarding women and education?

Women get a majority of post graduate degrees

New cards
92

Which of the following is NOT true about gender stratification in the United States?

Women are overrepresented among murder victims

New cards
93

Which of the following types of feminism advocates a revolution creating a state- \n centered economy?

Socialist feminism

New cards
94

The major sociological theory that sees gender as two complementary patterns \n of behavior is

structural functionalism

New cards
95

The major sociological theory that sees gender in terms of one sex having \n power over another is

Social conflict theory

New cards
96

The cultural expectations attached to being male or female is called

Gender

New cards
97

Which age is at greatest risk for poverty in the United States?

children

New cards
98

A rigid and unfair characterization about an entire group of people is

Prejudice

New cards
99

The state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal \n standing is called

pluralism

New cards
100

The systematic killing of one group of people by another is called

Genocide

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 66 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 85 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 31 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 44 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 46 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 23481 people
... ago
4.8(187)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (44)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (23)
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (60)
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (35)
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (182)
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot