History of Medicine TEST 1:

Hunter/Gatherer

before 10,000 BCE nomadic lifestyle, less prone to diseases, faced other issues with morality

Agricultural Revolution

10,000 - 7,000 BCE; domesticity of animals, control over own food! lead to an increase of population but increase in disease (Zoonosis, and pathogens). Specialized tools

Urban Revolution

4,000 - 5,000 BCE. climatic change resulted in a agricultural dependent groups to move based on necessity (Ice Age)

Mesopotamia

“land between the rivers”, SUMERIA early medical knowledge included herbal remedies, liver models, and royal burials. Mixed bag and spread throughout.

Sargon I

Created the 1st empire in the world, allowed for the spread of early medical knowledge.

Hammaurabi

Babylonian king known for the Code of Hammurabi, which included laws related to medical practices and ethics.

Egyptian Environment

hydraulic society resulted in area of stability (Nile), ability to predict when floods occurred.

Periods of Egyptian History:

Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms

Pyramid Construction

testimony to long term observations (math, astronomy). Illustrates medical knowledge (diets, surgeries, labor, etc.)

Egyptian Treatments:

trepidation, amputations, surgeries, high caloric diet.

Mummification

preparation to the afterlife (soul = body); earliest evisceration; 3 types ( poor —→ wealthy).

Preserved Mummies

Mummies allowed us to know what early Egyptians suffered from. (parasites, malaria, etc.)

Egyptian Medicine

divine & medical, Wagua, & Sau “houses of life”, elements of magic. knew some purposes of organs, but not all (brain & veins)

Hetepheres

Egyptian dynasty member —→ earliest evidence of evisceration.

Natural Philosopher Origins

influences from Asia Minor; post Persian aggression resulted in Athens to be the cultural center —→ Sophists —> natural P

Socrates

Socratic method (question & answer); dialectic argument tried for “corrupting youth”

Plato

student of Socrates; wrote the Republic, and created the “Academy” library and private area to advance scholarship!

Aristotle

son of Physician near Macedonia. place an emphasis on classification & categorization. The Lyceum; diverted from teacher.

Phillip II of Macedonia

king of Macedonia —→ tutored by Aristotle, led the way for his son: Alexander

Alexander the Great

conquered and established the Hellenistic world (Greece —→ Egypt —→ Asia) died in 323 BCE.

Hellenistic Kingdoms:

3 kingdoms that took over after the death of Alexander the Great; Antigonids, Seleucids, & Ptolemies.

Antigonids

Macedonia & Greece, maintained control over Athens & the Academy.

Seleucids

Mesopotamia, Syria, Levant: established Antioch as capital

Gaston Maspero

recovered several mummies in the late 19th century. Best technique was to unwrap and look at them.

Ptolemies

Egypt; greatest success w/ Alexandria’s museum/library; competed w/ Anatolian.

The Satire of the Trades

Egyptian treatise —→ Kheti describing to his son Pepi how literacy is worth it, and the importance of being a scribe

Papyrus of Ebers

Egyptian —> early medical treatise; contains treatments and formulas

Edwin Smith Surgical Papers

trepanation, spinal, tumors, circumcision Egyptian medical treatise.

Kahun Papyrus

Egyptian Medical Treatise that focuses on gynological issues.

Iliad

plague as a punishment

Hesoid’s of Work of Days

Pandora releases a lot of ills as a punishment

Greek God’s

Apollo —→ initial Greek God of Healing; would later become Asclepius; Delphi & Delos early sites for healing

Greek Colonization

started as a need to send excess populations due to starved mainland —> Ionian coast.

“Therefore” in Methodology

produced the means for hypothesis —> testing/debating of the same what might be practical, rationale, etc.

Hippocrates of Cos

a leader in Greek medicine, responsible for the Hippocratic oath naturalistic medicine!

Hippocratic Oath

still used today as the basics of medical ethics; privacy, abortion, segregated, and other topics discussed.

Hippocratic Corpus

collection of Greek medical readings; both of Hippocrates & students. Greek medicine focused generally on balance of lifestyle

The Nature of Man

Ailments of the body come thru 4 humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). Enduring medical treatment.

Vivisection

practice of surgery used for the purpose of experimentation. Used in competion of criminals by Ptolemies & Anatolian kingdom

Erotian’s Classification of the Hippocratic Corpus:

2nd century Roman times 4 main areas:

Semiotics, Physiology, Therapeutics, Mixed works, The Art of Medicine

Semiotics

diagnosis on the basis of observation; utilizes appearance

Physiology

possible causes of disease (naturalistic) that could be treated

Therapeutics

pharmaceuticals, surgeries, fractures, gyno, etc.

Mixed Works

practical collection of subjects (misc.)

Art of Medicine

Explains how medical science is different from other sciences.

Roman Inspirations

Escrutians (north) —> technologies & refinement

Greece —→ cultural aspects

Roman Constitution(s)

Rome government shifts from monarchy to republic to empire.

Health in Cities

tenements (overcrowding), old sewer systems, Aqueducts and lead pipes

Tiber Island

Asclepian temple on the island in early Rome "place of healing”

Roman Military Reforms

shifts from a militia to a standing professional military

Marius

Consul 107 BC reorganized to have a professional standing army; resulted in army camps to have dedicated medical camps

Medicus

provides surgeries, prescriptions, medical treatment, “larger treatment”

Capsarii

“lesser treatment” wound treatment, minor wounds, can eventually become a medicus.

Augustus

first roman emperor, claimed to find a city of marble

Nero

Great fire (64 CE), improved upon Rome after Augustus.

Roman Bath

hygiene, space for gathering, political messaging, cold bath, warm bath, hot bath.

Pliny the Elder

“The Naturalis Historitae” encyclopedia of medical phenomenon as a result of travels. 37 books, standardized treatment.

Dioscurides

“Materia Medicus” addresses various applications

Galen of Pergemum

“Pulses for Beginners” “Bones for Beginners” “Usefulness of Parts” Hippocratic arts, practitioner.

Roman issues w/ Christianity & Judaism

Christianity —→ refusal in sacrifices; restrictions eased for gentile converts.

Judaism —→ issues w/ dietary restrictions & circumcisions

Constantine

Roman empire —→ “Edict of Milan” legalized Christianity

Christian effect on legalization

• mortification of flesh

• monasticism & cenobitic)

Eremitical

monasticism in a solitary lifestyle

Cenobitic

monasticism in a communal lifestyle

St. Basil of Caesarea

championed cenobitic monasticism in the east; supported poor hospitals; work influenced St. Benedict in western empire.

Justinian & Theodora

Hagia Sophia & Justinian Code; support of 1st public hospital, built on works of Hippocrates

Alexander of Tralles

career physician; wrote & published tons of writing. Treatise of Fevers, Letter on

Twelve Books

extensive compendium of ailments/treatments w/ large presentation of pharmacological remedies

Muhammad

Prophet of the Islam Faith; Medina —> Mecca (620s); Quran.