Endosymbiotic theory

What the Endosybiotic theory explains

The evolution of Prokaryotic cells to Eukaryotic

What do the steps of enolvution in the Endosybiotic theory start with?

Ancient Prokaryotic cells

What is the first change in the enosymbiotic theory

Infolding of the plasma membrane

When does the folding of the plasma membrane happen?

This happens during Edocytosis

Meaning of aerobic

means ‘‘with oxygen’’ and refers to physical activity or biological processes that require oxygen to produce energy

What are the two things the Mitochondria requires

sugar (glucose) and oxygen

How does the double membrane of the mitochondria and chloroplast support the theory?

It reflects the history of one cell engulfing another

Chloroplast and Mitochondria’s double membrane origin (under the endosymbiotic theory)

the chloroplast”s and mitochondria's inner membrane belongs to the original free-living bacterium, while its outer membrane came from the host cell's vesicle during engulfment.

How did Chloroplasts evolve?

Chloroplasts evolved via endosymbiosis when an early eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. (sun-eating bacteria)

What ‘evidence’ do both the mitochodria and chloroplasts share?

generally…

• Double membrane

• DNA

What do both the mitochondria and chloroplasts have of their own separate from the cell’s?

Circular DNA (plasmid) which separates from the cell’s nuclear DNA

How do both the mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently from the rest of the cell?

they use the process called Binary Fission (same way bacteria reproduce)

What is a Svedburg unit?

Measures how fast a particles settles to the bottom of a tube when spun at very high speeds in a machine called a centrifuge

What type of ribosomes are found in mitochondria and chloroplast, and how do they compare to the rest of the eukaryotic cell?

They have their own 70S ribosomes, which match the size and structure of bacterial ribosomes, rather than the 80S ribosomes found in the rest of the eukaryotic cell.