Lauren Garcia Human Body Systems Chapter 2: Cytology

What does cytology mean?

The study of cells.

What is the cell theory?

That the cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself.

Who are the three scientists that came up with the cell theory?

Matthias Schleiden (botanist), Theodore Schwann (zoologist), and Rudolf Virchow (pathologist).

How are cells limited in size?

Cells will only grow so big; after that; they either remain the same size or divide into two smaller cells. This is because nutrients cannot get in fast enough and waste cannot get out soon enough.

What does pro- mean?

Before

What does karyo- mean?

Nucleus

What are fimbriae?

Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.

What is the nucleoid?

Region where the cell’s DNA is located (not enclosed by any membrane)

What does -oid mean?

Resembles

What does eu- mean?

True

How big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Animal/eukaryotic cells are about 100 times the size of prokaryotic cells.

What is the cell membrane?

The membrane that encloses the cell as a boundary.

What does the cell membrane act as?

Act as a semi-permeable membrane, allowing only some substances to enter or leave the cell.

What does semi-permeable mean?

That materials can somewhat/partially move through.

Describe the phospholipid bi-layer?

A double layer of phospholipid molecules with proteins embedded, it has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, and is a part of the cell membrane.

What does philia mean?

Like/love

What does phobic mean?

Afraid

What are microvilli?

The folded cell membranes that increase the surface area.

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

It has a cytoskeleton that contains a network of proteins organized into “microtubules” and “microfilaments".”

What happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell?

The cell will become toxic.

What do all living things need to be surrounded by?

They need to be surrounded by fluid.

What is the purpose of the phospholipid bi-layer?

It is used to separate two different fluid compartments.

What are embedded proteins?

Different types of glycoproteins embedded into the phospholipid bilayer, that each serve its own purpose.

What are ion channels?

Specific for Na, K, Ca, Cl, and can open and close.

What are transporter (carrier) proteins?

Specific for sugar and amino acids, may require energy (ATO) for active transport.

What are enzymes?

Catalyze specific reactions (speeds them up).

What are receptor sites?

Specific for certain hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs. Activation of these sites cause changes in cell activity. Can lead to side effects.

What are recognition sites?

Allow white blood cells to recognize your cells from foreign cells. They can lead to organ transplant rejection, and to prevent this immunosuppressant drugs are used.

What are side effects?

What the receptor sites are activated on the wrong cells, and can lead to unintended effects that may be problematic.

What are two immunosuppressent drugs?

Corticosteroids, prednisone

What is thalidomide?

A medication/drug used to treat morning sickness in pregnant women.

What was the side effect of thalidomide?

The babies that women gave birth to after using the medication had a variety of birth defects, including underdeveloped extremities.

What is the nucleus?

The center of the cell that stores the DNA.

What is the nucleolus?

The center of the nucleus that stores RNA (chemical needed for protein synthesis).

What are chromatin?

The uncoiled DNA found in the nucleoplasm.

What are chromosomes?

Coiled up DNA in the nucleus.

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A network of tubular canals that connects the nuclear membrane with cell membrane.

What is the function of the ER?

Functions like a little circulatory system within the cell for transport of molecules.

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

Contains enzymes systems involved in lipid & steroid metabolism.

What is on the rough ER?

Studded with small bodies called ribosomes (the ribosomes, composed mostly of RNA, are synthesized in the nucleolus of the cell.

What are ribosomes?

Where proteins are synthesized.

What is the golgi complex?

A stack of membranous saccules.

What is the function of the golgi complex?

Stores, modifies, & packages chemical substances formed in the ER (including enzymes and hormones).

What are vacuoles?

Act as large storage containers; includes food vacuoles and some secretes enzymes.

What are vesicle?

Act as a small storage container.

What are lysosomes?

Are called, “suicide bags” and are programmed in cell death “autolysis.”

What do lysosomes contain?

Contains hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes.

Where are lysosomes made?

Formed from the saccules of the Golgi Complex.

What is autolysis?

Programmed cell death; used in menopause and in cells infected with virus.

What are mitochondria?

The powerhouse of the cell, which performs cellular respiration.

What is cellular respiration?

The generation of ATP. Takes in glucose, oxygen, and excretes carbon dioxide, water, and 38 ATP.

What are centrioles?

Involved in cell division (only in animal cells).

Where do you find centrioles?

Found in animal cells.

What are the two organelles for motion?

The flagella and cilia.

What is the flagella?

A whip-like tail.

What are cilia?

Fine, motile hairs.

Where are two common places that cilia is found?

in the airway of the lungs and in the fallopian tubes.