THEORY OF STRUCTURES

RETAINING WALLS

A WALL THAT RESISTS HORIZONTAL SOIL PRESSURES AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN GROUND ELEVATION

SMALL RETAINING WALLS

(<0.90m HIGH) RELIES ON THE MASS OF THE WALL AND/OR INTERLOCKING UNITS

STONE GRAVITY WALL

VERTICAL TIMBER CANTILIVERED WALL

HORIZONTAL TIMBER WALL WITH DEADMEN

TALL RETAINING WALLS

(≥0.90m HIGH) REQUIRES REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCED CONCRETE

REINFORCED CONCRETE MASONRY

CANTILEVER

RELATIVELY THIN STEM AND HAS A BASE SLAB WHICH HAS A HEEL AND TOE FOR UP TO 25’ HIGH

COUNTERFORT

HAS VERTICAL CONCRETE WEBS AT REGULAR INTERVALS ALONG THE BACK SIDE FOR MORE THAN 25’ HIGH

GRAVITY

DEPENDS ON ITS

WEIGHT IN RESISTING LATERAL FORCES UP TO 10’ HIGH VERY MASSIVE

GRAVITY CRIB

MADE FROM INTER LOCKING COMPONENTS FORMING A GRID

GRAVITY BIN

• MADE FROM COMPONENTS FORMING BINS

• MADE FROM LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL PANELS BOLTED TOGETHER, FORMING BINS FILLED WITH SOIL

ANCHORED

ANCHORED IN THE SOIL BEHIND IT

OVERTURNING

FAILURE MECHANISMS

SLIDING

FAILURE MECHANISMS

BEARING CAPACITY

FAILURE MECHANISMS

DEEP-SEATED SHEAR

FAILURE MECHANISMS