Bio 251 chapter 22

What are immune defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract?

Inner lining of respiratory tract such as mucous membranes,

nose hair

goblet cells of respiratory system secretes mucous

mucociliary escalator

Immune system of the upper respiratory system

the upper respiratory system is surveillance by a mucous associated lymphoid tissue such as (MALT) is consists of aldenoids and tonsils

Immune system of lower respiratory system

lower consists of alveolar macrophages

microbiota of the lower resp. tract

What is Pneumonia?

A disease of lower respiratory tract but this is most commonly due to infections

Inflammation of one or both of the lungs is called parenchyma

for pneumonia the alveoli are filled with this fluid with pus and blood

Know the three bacterial pathogens that cause Pneumonia (how are they similar/different)

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae

pneumococcal pneumonia(streptococcus pneumonia)

caused by streptococcus pneumonia 60 percent of pneumonia is caused by this bitch that cause adults to be hospitalized.

streptococcus pneumonias is gram positive cocci in chains

pnuemococcal pnuemonia (virulence factors)

polysachharide capsule this particular capsule interfers with c3b and opsonization

pnuemolysin damages ciliated epithelium

pathology of pneumococcal pneumonia

accumulations in the alveoli cause difficulty breathing and sputum is coughed from the lungs.

also, bacteria can enter the blood stream can lead to sepsis of blood, endocarditis, infection of brain and spinal cord membranes.

How does your body respond to this? well antibodies develop enhances phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria

Klebsiella pnuemoniae

Gram negative Rod With large capsule produces big mucoid colonies when cultured on agar.

Part of normal microbiota of intestines in small percentage of people

Can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised bitches can colonized in peoples fucking mouths and throat.

Higher mortality rate

the capsule for klebsiella pnuemoniae can interfere with phagocytosis

How is klebsiella pnuemonae fucking contracted?

It is usually contracted through secretions that are from contact or from medical equipment ( ventilators)

causes tissue death rapid formation of lung abscesses and other tissues

bacteremia can occur if it enters blood stream.

Fucking treatments of klebsiella pnuemonia

Involves antibiotics surgery may be required to drain the abscesses

there is no vaccine for this fucking hoe

mycoplasma pnuemoniae

causative agent of fucking walking pnumonia often we call this as atypical.

accounts of approximately one fifth of bacterial pnuemonias.

common in children and young adults.

treatments and preventions for mycopolasma pnuemoniae (vaccines)

mycoplasma pnuemonia lacks a cell wall, therefore antibiotics that target cell wall are ineffective.

bacteria that lacks a cell wall… penicillin and other cell wall inhibitors ARE FUCKING USELESS.

Macrolides

Treatment for mycoplasma pneumonia FUCKING PROTEIN SYNTHSIS a class of antibiotics effective against MYCOPLASMA PNUEMONIAE, including azithromycin and erythromycin, used to treat atypical pneumonia. These antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, making them effective against bacteria lacking cell walls.

HOW to avoid Fucking mycoplasma pnuemoniae? and the vaccines

well there are no fucking preventative measures just avoid fucking crowded places like schools and military facilities.

Signs and symptoms of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Gram positive CoCCi in chains

Causes crackling,low blood oxygenation, pikish sputum

has vaccine (pollysaccharide base vaccines)

Has 90 different serotypes( strains)

Has a capsule that prevents opsonization.

Signs and symptoms of klebsiella pnuemonia

Gram negative bacilli, causes necrotizing pneumonia, currant jelly sputum, often associated with alcohol abuse and diabetes. Cough, repeated chills, fever,

shortness of breath, chest

pain, cyanosis, bloody jelly-like

sputum

signs and sympotoms of mycoplasma pnuemonia

Gradual onset of dry cough, fever,

fatigue, headache, and muscle

aches

Treatments for streptococcus pneumoniae

Treatment: antibiotics. Prevention:

PCV13: conjugate vaccine

against 13 serotypes; PPSV23:

polysaccharide vaccine against 23

serotypes.

who is the most fucking susceptible?

old people or immunocompomised

Hhow many different serotypes? streptococcus pnuemoniase

there are 90 different serotypes of strephtococcus pnueomniae.

streptococcus pyogenes?

gram positive cocci in chains

catalyse negative

beta hemolysis on blood agar

Lancefield group A

virulence factors for streptococcus pyrogens

M proteins are made from the bacteria which are 80 different types which they attach onto the host cell.

M proteins Interferes with c3b opsonization

antibodies that bind to M proteins prevent infection

Antibodies to one strain do not

necessarily protect from others

Protein F Adheres to fibrin of epithelial cells in throat

Pathogenesis of streptococcus pneumonia

Inhalation of encapsulated

pneumococci; colonization of

alveoli triggers an inflammatory

response; fluid and inflammatory

cells fill the alveoli

Pathogenesis of Klebsiella pnuemonia

inhalation of colonized mucus

droplets from the throat.

Destruction of lung tissue and

abscess formation common;

infection spreads via blood to

other body tissues

pathogenicity of Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Inhalation of infected droplets.

Bacterial cells attach to receptors

on respiratory epithelium;

inhibition of ciliary motion and

destruction of cells

pathogenesis of streptococcus pyrogens

capsule- hides bacteria from immune system

c5a peptidase- destroys c5a responsible for attracting phagocytes to site of infection

Streptolysins O and S Make holes in membranes of erythrocytes and leukocytes

Treatment of strepthroat (strepcoccuss pyrogenes)

treated by antibiotics or most strains are treated by beta lactam drugs, oral amoxicillin, and penicillin

lancefield group A

streptococuss pyrogenes strepthroat scarlet fever

 Influenza (seasonal flu)

is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses, leading to symptoms such as fever, cough, and body aches.

groups of risk of influenza

ppl who are older than 65 and kids younger than 5 years (transmitted directly through aerosols

symptoms of influenza

can include fever, chills, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue.

structure of the influenza virus

consists of 8 different negative sense ss rna strands

Influenza is an enveloped virus

. does not always kill host cell

.virus can be continously shed from an infected cell.( by budding)

Hemagglutinin H

Spike proteins that bind to sialic acid receptors on eukaryotic/human respiratory cells. specific binding determines hosts range

neuraminidase N

required for entry into the cell, also assists with budding from the infected cell also binds to sialic acid residues.

Influenza structure summary

H and N are the main antigens recognized by hosts immune system

viral subtypes are classified based on the type of H and n proteins

influenza A

Most virulent , infect human, horses pig, birds

has differnt subtypes like 18 to be exact nearly 200 combinations of H And N

influenza B

Only inffect mammals mild form of influenzas in humans

does not have distinguishable serotypes like influenza A

Influenza C

Only inffects mammals UNCLEAR if cause disease mild form of influenza in humans

Antigenic drift

low fidelity RNA Polymerasemutations leading to small genetic changes in viruses (localized outbreaks)

antigenic shift

reassortment between different strain (pandemic)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

once very common incidence declined in industrialized as living standards improved.

tuberculosis is highly contagious and spreads through the air through coughing. 10 or fewer cells are needed to infect.

tuberculosis

infectious agent is mycobacterium tuberculosis

non- spore forming obligate aerobe

tuberculosis multiply in the macrophages

spread through the blood other tissues like kidneys bone joints and central nervous system.

who is most susceptible to TB

Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, or chronic diseases, are most at risk for tuberculosis. Additionally, young children and the elderly are also at higher risk due to their generally lower immune response.

signs and symptoms of TB, pathogenesis

include persistent cough, chest pain, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. The bacteria damage lung tissue and can spread to other organs, causing severe complications.

latent tuberculosis

occurs in 90 percent of the infected people, infectious agent is present in the body, no obvious symptoms, person is not infectous, and antibiotics may be used at this stage.

active tuberculosis

only aproximaely 5-10 percent will reactivate, progress to tb infected ppl can later on develop active tuberculosis.