(Colville Chapter 7) Comprehensive Skeletal System: Bones, Joints, and Functions in Veterinary Anatomy

What is the term for the bone in the heart of some animals?

Os cordis

What is the term for the bone in the penis of dogs?

Os penis

What is the process called that leads to the formation of bone?

Ossification

What type of joint allows for rotation around a single axis?

Pivot joint

What is the name of the bone that forms the back of the skull?

Occipital bone

What is the primary function of bones in the skeletal system?

Support the body

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone formation?

They produce bone matrix and facilitate ossification.

What is the term for the hollow spaces within bones that contain osteocytes?

Lacunae

What is the function of the periosteum?

It is a membrane that covers the outer surface of bones.

What do osteoclasts do?

They break down bone tissue.

What is the function of the synovial fluid?

It lubricates joints and reduces friction.

What is the term for the bone cells that maintain bone tissue?

Osteocytes

What is the name of the joint that connects the skull to the spine?

Atlanto-occipital joint

What is the role of calcium in the skeletal system?

It is essential for bone hardness and various physiological functions.

What is hematopoiesis?

The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow.

What is the term for the part of the skeleton that supports the body and protects vital organs?

Axial skeleton

What are the small bones in the middle ear called?

Ossicles

What is the function of the pelvic symphysis?

It connects the two halves of the pelvis.

What is the significance of the zygomatic bone?

It forms the prominence of the cheek.

What is the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium homeostasis?

It increases calcium levels in the blood by acting on bones and kidneys.

What is the function of the spinal column?

It protects the spinal cord and provides structural support.

What is the term for the joint that allows for flexion and extension?

Hinge joint

What is the name of the bone that forms the lower leg?

Tibia

What is the primary growth center in bones?

Primary growth center

What is the term for the connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones?

Tendons

What is the function of the yellow bone marrow?

It stores fat and serves as an energy reserve.

What is the role of the scapula?

It connects the humerus with the clavicle.

What is the term for the joint that allows for multi-directional movement?

Ball-and-socket joint

What is the name of the bone that forms the forehead?

Frontal bone

What is the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

Calcitonin helps prevent hypercalcemia by encouraging calcium deposition in bones and inhibiting bone resorption.

What hormone is released when calcium levels in the blood drop too low?

Parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands.

What are the two main types of bone?

Cancellous (spongy) bone and compact bone.

How does cancellous bone differ from compact bone?

Cancellous bone is light and spongy with spaces for marrow, while compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones.

What are Haversian systems?

Concentric layers of bone matrix arranged around a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Osteoblasts are cells that form bone by secreting the bone matrix and supplying minerals for hardening.

What happens to osteoblasts when they become trapped in the bone matrix?

They become osteocytes, which can revert to osteoblasts if new bone formation is needed.

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone health?

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, allowing for remodeling and the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

What is the periosteum?

A membrane covering the outer surface of bones, containing fibrous tissue and bone-forming cells.

What is the endosteum?

A membrane lining the hollow interior surfaces of bones, also containing osteoblasts.

What is the matrix of bone primarily made of?

The matrix is made of collagen fibers and inorganic mineral salts, which give bone its hardness.

What are Volkmann's canals?

Tiny channels in the bone matrix that allow blood vessels to penetrate and supply nutrients to the bone.

What is endochondral bone formation?

A process where bone develops by replacing a cartilage model.

What is intramembranous bone formation?

A process where bone develops directly from fibrous tissue membranes.

What are the primary and secondary growth centers in bone development?

Primary growth centers are where bone begins developing in the shaft of cartilage rods; secondary growth centers develop in the ends or epiphyses.

What is the significance of the blood supply to bones?

The blood supply provides essential nutrients to bone cells and is crucial for bone health and repair.

What happens to bones when calcium levels in the blood rise too high?

Calcitonin is secreted to promote calcium deposition in bones and decrease blood calcium levels.

What is the appearance of cancellous bone?

Cancellous bone has a spongy appearance due to its arrangement of tiny spicules and spaces.

What is the role of osteocytes?

Osteocytes maintain bone tissue and can revert to osteoblasts to form new bone if needed.

How do osteoclasts contribute to calcium homeostasis?

Osteoclasts withdraw calcium from bones to increase blood calcium levels when necessary.

What is the function of the medullary cavity in long bones?

The medullary cavity contains bone marrow, which is involved in blood cell formation.

How does the structure of compact bone support its function?

The dense structure of compact bone provides strength and support for weight-bearing activities.

What is the relationship between bone remodeling and calcium levels?

Bone remodeling involves the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity to maintain appropriate calcium levels in the blood.

What is the appearance of compact bone in cross-section?

In cross-section, compact bone appears as concentric layers resembling the growth rings of a tree.

What is the role of the inner layer of the periosteum?

The inner layer contains osteoblasts that enable bone growth in diameter and healing of fractures.

What happens to the bone matrix during the ossification process?

The bone matrix becomes hardened as minerals are deposited, transforming it from a soft matrix to a rigid structure.

What is secondary growth in bones?

Additional growth that can develop in the ends or epiphyses of the bone.

What are the two areas of a long bone that remain as cartilage at birth?

The epiphyseal plates.

What is the function of epiphyseal plates?

They are the sites where new bone creation allows long bones to lengthen as the animal grows.

What happens to the epiphyseal plates when the bone reaches full size?

They completely ossify, meaning all cartilage is replaced by bone.

What are the basic shapes of bones?

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

What is the main part of a long bone called?

The diaphysis.

What type of bone is primarily found in the epiphyses?

Cancellous (spongy) bone.

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone growth?

They replace cartilage with bone on the inside surface of the epiphyseal plate.

What are epiphyseal fractures?

Fractures that occur at the epiphyseal plates, common in young animals.

What are short bones characterized by?

They are shaped like small cubes and consist of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

What is the healing process for broken bones?

It requires alignment, immobilization, and time for optimal healing.

What is a fracture hematoma?

A blood clot that forms at the fracture site after a bone breaks.

What is the purpose of a callus in fracture healing?

It bridges the fracture gap as the bone heals.

What are flat bones?

Bones that are relatively thin and flat, such as the skull bones and scapulae.

What are irregular bones?

Bones that do not fit into the long, short, or flat categories, such as vertebrae.

What is yellow bone marrow primarily composed of?

Adipose connective tissue.

What is the function of red bone marrow?

It is hematopoietic tissue that forms blood cells.

Where is red bone marrow primarily found in older animals?

In specific locations such as the ends of some long bones and the interiors of the pelvic bone and sternum.

What happens to yellow bone marrow under certain conditions?

It can revert to red bone marrow to produce larger numbers of blood cells.

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the animal body?

The kneecap, or patella.

What is the difference between Haversian canals and Volkmann's canals?

Haversian canals run vertically through bone, while Volkmann's canals run horizontally.

What is the significance of the blood supply in bones?

It results in considerable bleeding at the fracture site, aiding in the healing process.

What is the role of the periosteum?

It is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue that covers the bones.

What is the medullary cavity?

The central cavity of long bones that contains bone marrow.

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Red marrow produces blood cells, while yellow marrow primarily stores fat.

What is cancellous bone?

A type of bone that has a porous, spongy structure, typically found in the interior of bones.

What are the two surfaces of the epiphyseal plate?

The epiphyseal surface (outer) and the diaphyseal surface (inner).

What do the lumps, bumps, grooves, and holes on bones indicate?

They indicate where bones form joints, where muscles attach, and where blood vessels and nerves pass.

What are articular surfaces?

Smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact to form joints, covered by articular cartilage.

What is the function of articular cartilage?

It reduces friction and wear in joints.

What is a condyle?

A large, round articular surface, often cylindrical in shape, found on bones like the humerus and femur.

Where are heads located on bones?

On the proximal end of long bones, such as the humerus and femur.

What is a facet?

A flat articular surface that allows for a rocking motion between bones.

What does the term 'process' refer to in bone anatomy?

It refers to lumps, bumps, and projections on a bone, which may be sites for muscle attachment.

What is a foramen?

A hole in a bone through which nerves or blood vessels pass.

What is a fossa?

A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone, often occupied by muscles or tendons.

What is the axial skeleton?

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head and trunk.

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

The skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs, and sternum.

How many separate bones typically make up the skull in domestic animals?

37 to 38 separate bones.

What are sutures?

Jagged, immovable, fibrous joints that unite most skull bones.

What is the occipital bone?

The single bone that forms the caudal portion or base of the skull, important for spinal cord exit.

What is the foramen magnum?

The large hole in the occipital bone where the spinal cord exits the skull.

What are occipital condyles?

Articular surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum that join with the first cervical vertebra.

What are interparietal bones?

Two small bones located on the midline between the occipital bone and parietal bones, which may fuse in older animals.

What is the role of processes on bones?

They indicate sites for muscle attachment and can suggest the movement and power of muscle pull.