Domain III: Management of Food and Nutrition Programs and Services

Define Meal Equivalent:

A measure of productivity defined as the amount of all food sales divided by the average cost of a typical (prototype) meal.

What's the difference b/t Absolute FTE (full time equivalent) and Adjusted FTE?

Absolute FTE

Minimum number of employees needed to staff the facility; counts productive hours (hours actually worked).

Adjusted FTE

Also takes into account the benefit days and days off.

Formulas to calculate FTE for day, week, and year:

FTE/day:

(Labor hrs worked per day) / (8 hr normal work load)

FTE/week:

(Labor hrs worked per week) / (40 hr normal work load)

FTE/year:

(Labor hrs worked that year) / 2080

*Exam may ask to calculate absolute or adjusted FTE. Details and examples on page III 3

What is motion economy?

An example of work simplification procedures.

Reduce motions and time required.

Use shortest and straightest routes to move materials.

Movement should be simultaneous, symmetrical, natural, rhythmic, habitual.

What do work simplification procedures look at?

The SMALLEST parts of the job (hand movements, steps take, etc.)

**Be able to identify examples of work simplification procedures on exam.

What is occurrence sampling?

An example of work simplification procedures.

Observe random samples (intermittent observations) to determine percentage of time working or idle.

What is a pathway chart or flow diagram?

An example of work simplification procedures.

Scale drawing showing path of a worker during a process.

What is an operation chart?

An example of work simplification procedure.

Movement of hands; reduces transportation and re-plan work areas.

What is a process chart?

An example of work simplification procedures.

Steps involved in process using symbols.

What are cross charts?

An example of work simplification procedures.

Efficiency of equipment placement, studies work motions, shows number of movements b/t pieces of equipment.

How do you calculate the labor turnover rate?

Uses the # of NEW employees at end of period.

(# of employees terminated and replaced) / (total positions in department)

*Know how to calculate on exam. Example on page III 5

What are the differences b/t Master Schedule, Shift Schedule, and Production Schedule?

Master:

Serves as the overall plan and is the basis for developing weekly schedules.

Shift:

Shows staffing patterns for a particular operation like dish washing or the tray line.

Production:

Shows the time and sequencing of events required to produce a meal. Shows what to do and when.

Define the different leadership styles (autocratic, consultative, bureaucratic, participative, free rein/laissez-faire)

Autocratic

Demands obedience, most control, full responsibility on leader.

Consultative

Asks for input, but makes final decision alone.

Bureaucratic

By the book, follows procedures to the letter.

Participative

Emerging trend in mgmt. Encourage workers to participate in decision-making. Uses quality circles: small groups of employees who meet regularly to identify and solve problems. Democratic-accepts decision made by the group.

Free rein/Laissez-faire

Least control. Allows group to make decision.

*AS A LEADER YOU WILL NEED TO BE AUTOCRATIC IN TIMES OF CRISES WHEN DECISIONS NEED TO BE MADE QUICKLY, BUT FOR THE REST OF THE DAY TRY TO BE A PARTICIPATIVE LEADER. SHARE POWER W/ EMPLOYEES.

What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs (in order) and examples of each?

Basic Needs:

--Physiological (survival needs) - Food, clothing,

shelter, pay, benefits, working conditions,

schedule.

--Security and safety - insurance, retirement plans,

job security.

Higher Human Needs (Motivators):

--Social (organized activities)

--Self-esteem (job title, praise, rewards,

promotions)

--Self-realization/self-actualization (realizing your

potential growth using creative talents);

advanced training, JOB ENRICHMENT.

*When basic needs are met, the higher needs become motivators.

According to Likert management of conflict, which basic system of organizational leadership is the most productive and effective?

Participative. (employee centered)

What are the four corners of a leadership grid/what do they represent ?

Top Left:

Country club mgmt-

Employee-centered

Seeking approval & acceptance.

Comfortable, friendly atmosphere.

Top Right:

Team mgmt

High concern for both people and production; common stake in purpose. Most desirable form of mgmt.

Bottom Left:

Impoverished mgmt

Exert minimum effort to get work done.

Desire to hang on.

Low concern for people and production.

Bottom Right:

Authority, obedience, autocratic mgmt

Focus on production, managing tasks.

Domination, master, control.

People are commodities like machines.

What does scientific management focus on?

physical aspects of the job, not the human aspects

What is Drucker's Management of Objectives?

Type of democratic mgmt that provides control from within.

What is the first step to measuring present performance against standard performance?

Establish qualitative and quantitative standards (used to measure following performance).

What is the first step in decision making/problem solving?

Recognize and analyze the problem.

What are some managerial attributes that distinguish successful organizations from others?

Management should be hands on and value driven; explain your value system to your employees.

What is SOP?

Standards of Practice in Nutrition Care.

Describes in general terms a competent level of nutrition care practice as shown by the NCP (problem-solving method used to think critically and make decisions to provide safe, effective, high-quality nutrition care).

What is SOPP?

Standards of Professional Performance.

Describes a competent level of behavior in the professional role.

6 domains of professionalism:

Provision of Services, Application of Research, Communication and Application of knowledge, Utilization and Management of Resources, Quality in Practice, Competency and Accountability.

Unemployment compensation act:

Insurance against loss of income.

Must be employed for specific time, able and willing to work, unemployed through no fault of their own; employers pay tax on payroll. Each state has own laws that define benefits in accordance with minimum federal standards.

Workman's compensation act:

Administered by state.

Insurance covering employer's liability for the costs of any accident incurred by an employee in connection with their job.

Employer must furnish a safe place to work, competent supervision, and instructions.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Pro Labor.

Guaranteed right to organize and join labor unions.

Gave union the right to be the bargaining agent.

Created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)- Listens to claims of "unfair labor practice".

Taft Hartley Labor Act/ Labot Management Relations Act:

Pro management.

Balanced powers of labor and management; amended wagner act.

Outlawed the closed shop; limited union shop to one year.

Government can obtain injunction against strikes that endanger national health or safety.

Specified unfair labor practices of the union.

Landrum-Griffin, Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act:

Bill of rights for union members; regulates internal union affairs.

Civil Rights Act

Prevents discrimination on basis of race, color, national origin; prohibits sexual harassment.

Overseen by the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission).

Equal Employment Opportunity Act:

Prevents discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, political affiliation, overseen by EEOC.

Fair Labor Standards Act

May be called Minimum Wage or Wage Hour law; Set minimum wage

Includes overtime, and child labor laws.

The amendment Equal Pay Act prohibits discrimination on basis of sex.

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

Prevents discrimination d/t age.

Family and Medical Leave Act

Applies to public agencies and private agencies employing >50 workers.

Up to 12 workweeks of unpaid, job-protected leave during any 12 months for:

-Birth or placement of child for adoption.

-To care for an immediate family member.

-Medical leave for a serious health condition.

When you return you are guaranteed an equal job (but NOT the same job)

Americans with Disabilities Act

Covers employers with 15 or more employees.

Must provide "reasonable accommodations":

-remove barriers

-HAVE WIDE AISLES (36") AND DOORS (32")

-install ramps

-lower shelves and phones

-rearrange tables and chairs

-flashing alarm lights

To comply, job descriptions must specify "essential" job functions.

The legislature may ____ and ___ laws

Introduce and enact

When do nutritionists present their views on a bill?

At a public hearing scheduled by a committee or in the early planning stages before a bill gets to legislation.

What happens if the House and Senate are offered different versions of a bill?

It goes before a joint conference committee of the House and Senate where the differences are resolved.

What is an appropriations bill?

It attaches funding to legislation.

Who write the regulations for laws?

The staff members of the agencies charged with enforcing the law.

Know the different responsibilities of the FTC, FDA, and FCC:

FTC- Federal Trade Commission

Enforces truth in labeling laws and regulates the content of food advertisements.

FDA- Food and Drug Administration

Regulates the nutrient composition section of the label and ensures the safety of some foods.

FCC- Federal Communications Commission

Licenses radio and TV services.

What is the Federal Register

This lists notices of public hearings, agency decisions, and proposed and final rules. It lists changes made in USDA food programs.

One of the most helpful resources for the public health nutritionist.

Job specification includes:

PERSONAL QUALIFICATIONS (EDUCATION, EXPERIENCE), duties involved, conditions, written for each job (not position)

What is job enrichment?

Upgrades job by adding motivating factors

What is the Fair Employment Practice Law?

Adopted by states

Makes it illegal to ask a candidate's race, religion, sex, national origin, age, marital status (after hire, can ask).

When is an unstructured (non-directed) interview approach used?

With higher levels of personal and with sale, management, or counseling positions.

What basic criteria do unions primarily use for job promotions?

Seniority.

What are statutory benefits?

Payment REQUIRED BY LAW to ensure income in event of unemployment, injury or death (must be provided)

What is a union steward?

An employee who represents fellow employees as the union representative

What are the steps (in order) of collective bargaining?

1- bargaining b/t union steward and management. If that fails...

2- Mediation- neutral person helps settle differences; decision not binding. If that fails...

3- Arbitration- hearing to dissolve a dispute during an impasse; decision is usually binding. FINAL step in bargaining.

What is the grievance procedure if unionized?

The contract states a written formal grievance procedure.

What is a cash budget/cash flow?

Projects revenues and expenses, showing inflow and output of cash over time.

Purpose is to determine if funds will be available when needed.

What is included in a capital budget?

The plant facilities, equipment, cost of improvement and repairs (service, maintenance contracts), expansions, replacements.

Includes expenditures whose returns are expected to last beyond one year.

What is the difference b/t Edible Portion (EP) and As Purchased (AP) prices?

EP

The portion of food that will be served to a customer after the food has been cut and cooked.

AP

The portion of food that is in the raw state before any cutting, processing, or cooking has occurred.

How to determine the EP:

(Raw purchase cost or AP) / (Cooked edible wt) = EP

What is a balance sheet?

Shows financial condition as of a particular date.

Lists assets (goods and products owned)- cash, inventory, accounts receivable (amounts owed to you)

Lists liabilities - amounts owed to others.

Assets = Liabilities + Capital (or equity)

What is a profit and loss statement/income statement?

Shows operating results over a period of time.

Presents the income (revenue), expenses and profit (or loss or break-even) over the course of the budget period.

AKA the revenue and expense statement.

How do you calculate the invkentory turnover rate?

Cost of sales ( or food cost) / average inventory cost

Example: Food cost for June $37380

Average inventory cost $17500

37380/17500 = 2.136

The inventory turned over 2.1 times that month

What is the cost of sales?

Cost of the raw food and beverage sold

What is the gross profit?

Profit shown after deducting raw food and beverage (cost of sales) from sales (revenue)

What is Net Profit?

profit shown after ALL expenses have been deducted from sales.

How do you calculate the net profit, gross profit, and profit margin?

Sales: $127771

Cost of sales: 54779

Salaries: 31324

FICA: 4380

Benefits: 8191

Utilities: 3697

Supplies: 4272

Depreciation: 16579

Taxes: 2324

Net Profit: 127771 - 125546 = 2225

(sales - everything else in list)

Gross Profit: 127771 - 54779 = 72992

(sales - cost of sales)

Profit Margin:

2225/127771 = .02

(Net Profit / sales)

What is the first step in a marketing process and plan?

Identify a need that is not being filled (market niche)

What is the marketing mix?

Contains the 4 P's of marketing:

-Product

-Place

-Price

-Promotion

What is the difference b/t social and business marketing?

Social

Use of marketing principles to advance a cause, idea or behavior.

Business

Filling customer's needs or desires.

When Cost increases the Break Even (BE) point ______.

Increases

What's the difference b/t cost/benefit analysis and cost/effectiveness analysis?

Cost/benefit:

Determines if it is worthwhile to complete the project.

The value of the benefits derived from the intervention must outweigh the costs.

Calculate direct and indirect costs.

Cost/effectiveness:

Compares costs of alternative strategies.

Assumes the goal of the project is worthwhile.

Questions to resolve is WHICH method of intervention is the most effective (in terms of value) in achieving the goal.

Utilizes outcomes research.