Kidney Diseases

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Sudden loss of kidney function causing decreased urine output and elevated creatinine often due to ischemia or toxins

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Progressive loss of renal function over months to years leading to uremia anemia and electrolyte abnormalities

Nephrotic syndrome

Proteinuria hypoalbuminemia edema and hyperlipidemia due to glomerular damage

Nephritic syndrome

Hematuria hypertension oliguria and mild proteinuria caused by inflammation of glomeruli

Minimal change disease

Most common nephrotic syndrome in children causing selective proteinuria responsive to steroids

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Scarring of some glomeruli causing proteinuria and progressive kidney failure

Membranous nephropathy

Thickening of glomerular basement membrane causing nephrotic syndrome often idiopathic or secondary

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Mesangial IgA deposition causing episodic hematuria often following infections

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

Glomerular inflammation after streptococcal infection causing hematuria edema and hypertension

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Severe glomerular injury with crescent formation causing rapid loss of kidney function

Alport syndrome

Hereditary nephritis with sensorineural hearing loss and ocular abnormalities caused by collagen IV mutations

Polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant cystic kidney disorder causing hypertension abdominal pain and progressive renal failure

Renal tubular acidosis

Defect in renal acid-base handling causing metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

Goodpasture syndrome

Autoimmune disease with anti-GBM antibodies causing pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis

Lupus nephritis

Immune complex deposition in kidneys causing proteinuria hematuria and renal failure in systemic lupus erythematosus

Diabetic nephropathy

Kidney damage due to diabetes mellitus causing proteinuria and progressive CKD

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis

Renal damage due to chronic hypertension causing progressive loss of kidney function

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Ischemic or nephrotoxic injury to renal tubules causing acute kidney injury with muddy brown casts

Renal artery stenosis

Narrowing of renal artery causing secondary hypertension and ischemic nephropathy

Renal vein thrombosis

Occlusion of renal vein causing flank pain hematuria and renal dysfunction

Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones causing severe flank pain hematuria and possible obstruction

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Infection of urinary tract causing dysuria frequency and urgency

Pyelonephritis

Bacterial infection of renal pelvis causing fever flank pain and pyuria

Interstitial nephritis

Inflammation of renal interstitium often drug-induced causing rash fever and eosinophilia

Polycystic kidney disease

Multiple renal cysts causing hypertension and renal failure often autosomal dominant

Minimal change disease

Selective podocyte injury causing nephrotic syndrome responsive to steroids in children

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Glomerular disease with thickened capillary walls and mesangial proliferation causing nephritic syndrome

Thrombotic microangiopathy

Microvascular thrombosis causing hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia and renal failure

Renal papillary necrosis

Ischemic necrosis of renal papillae causing hematuria and flank pain associated with analgesic abuse or diabetes

Renal cell carcinoma

Most common kidney cancer causing hematuria flank pain and palpable mass

Wilms tumor

Pediatric kidney tumor presenting as abdominal mass hypertension and hematuria

Hydronephrosis

Dilation of renal pelvis due to obstruction causing flank pain and decreased renal function

Vesicoureteral reflux

Retrograde flow of urine causing recurrent UTIs and renal scarring in children

Bladder cancer

Hematuria and irritative voiding symptoms often caused by smoking and exposure to aromatic amines

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of glomeruli causing hematuria proteinuria and renal impairment

IgA nephropathy

Mesangial IgA deposits causing episodic hematuria usually after upper respiratory infections

Fabry disease

X-linked lysosomal storage disorder causing angiokeratomas neuropathy and renal failure

Bartter syndrome

Defect in thick ascending loop of Henle causing hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis and polyuria

Gitelman syndrome

Defect in distal convoluted tubule causing hypokalemia hypomagnesemia and metabolic alkalosis

Alport syndrome

Genetic disease affecting type IV collagen causing hematuria hearing loss and ocular abnormalities