Urinalysis

It is the chemical, physical, and microscopic evaluation of urine

Urinalysis

It is used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes.

Urinalysis

Urinalysis can detect __________, ________, _________

UTI, kidney disease, and diabetes

The initial stream of pee is called _________ and afterwards, the stream will be called as ___________

first catch and midstream

consist of narrow plastic ribbons with absorbent pads attached to one side. The pads contain chemicals that react and change color after being immersed in urine.

Urine test strip

Elevated levels of urine WBCs _________ indicates (________)

pyuria (UTI) (pus cells)

form when an enzyme is released from bacteria in the urine

Nitrite (nitrinuria)

Bacteria in the intestines make __________ from bilirubin, which is in the bile produced by the liver. Elevated levels of urine urobilinogen indicate liver disease and dysfunction.

Urobilinogen

The test pad primarily measures urine ______ that have entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream. Elevated urine proteins (________) indicate kidney disease or immune disorders.

albumins, proteinuria

acidity and alkalinity. The normal pH range is

4.6-8.0

he test pad measures urine particle concentration. The test value indicates the blood hydration level. Urine with a specific gravity of 1.000 -1.010 indicate _________ while urine with a specific gravity of 1.025 – 1.030 indicates __________

overhydration and dehydration

_______ are produced in the liver from the breakdown of fats when glucose is not available to the cells for energy.

ketones

Elevated levels of urine ketones (_______) usually indicate type 1 or 2 _______________

ketonuria, diabetes Mellitus

An accumulation of ketones in the blood can lead to

ketoacidocis

is produced by the liver during the breakdown of heme from RBCs and then released in the bile.

Bilirubin

Elevated levels of bilirubin ________ indicate ______ disease or blockage of the bile duct.

Bilirubinuria, liver

Glucose enters the urine when the blood glucose exceeds ~ _____ mg/dL. Normal blood glucose is _______mg/dL or below, and elevated urine glucose levels (_______) usually indicate type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus

180, 90 mg/dl, glucosuria

The test pad measures hemoglobin from red blood cells that have entered the urinary tract from the bloodstream. This test measures? _______

Blood

Presence of _______ (_______)indicates kidney damage, urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney or bladder stones, kidney or bladder cancer, or blood disorders.

blood, hematuria

determines the physical properties of urine, such as volume, color, clarity, and odor.

Macroscopic exam

It is the urine produced over 24 hours, which usually ranges from 0.8 Liters (800 ml) to 2 Liters (2000 ml)

Urine volume

Normal urine volume

800 to 2000 ML

Low urine volume or ________ (less than _______) can indicate possible chronic kidney disease.

oliguria (400 ml)

High urine volume or _______ (more than ________) can indicate diabetes, increased fluid intake, or possible kidney disease.

polyuria (3000 ml)

The color of urine is _______

Pale yellow

Amber color urine means

dehydration

Pink color urine means

Blood in the urine (caused by UTI, kidney problem, or food)

_______ color of urine usually results from medications, carotene (carrots), B vitamins, or bilirubin (resulting from liver or bile duct disease).

Orange

________ color urine could be due to food coloring, medications, or urinary tract infections.

Blue

_____________ colored urine can be due to fava beans, medications, kidney disease, or muscle breakdown.

Brown

Refers to urine turbidity or transparency

Urine is usually ___________

Urine clarity

Translucent

Normal urine has a ______ odor produced by the chemical compounds usually released.

slight

Meaning of these urine odor

1. Fruity

2. Ammonia

3. Pungent or foul

1. high sugar

2. dehydration

3. UTI, medication, or certain foods

is a procedure to determine if cells, crystals, casts, and microorganisms are present in the urine

Microscopic exam

If performed manually, the examination begins by placing about _________ of urine in a glass tube, then centrifuging the contents for about 5 minutes.

10 ml

_________ appear in the urine when particular substances become too concentrated, and they aggregate to form larger solids, often due to dehydration.

crystals

are relatively large cylindrical structures, each having a matrix made of glycoproteins

Casts