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Antibiotics
Molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms
Antibodies
Proteins developed by the immune system that recognize specific molecules (antigens)
Biochemistry
The study of chemical reactions occurring in living things
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Nation research center to improve public health
Clinical trials
A strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment
Cloning
Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms
Concentration
The amount of a substance as a proportion of another substance
Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive system with mucus
Data
Information gathered by documentation
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double stranded helical molecule that stores genetic information for the production of proteins
Diabetes
A disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production or ineffective use of insulin
DNA fingerprinting
An experimental technique that is commonly used to identify individuals
DNA ligase
An enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of a DNA molecule
E.coli
A rod-shaped bacterium native to the intestines of mammals; commonly used in genetics researched and by biotechnology companies for the development of products
Efficacy
The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The federal agency that enforces environmental laws
Ethics
The study of moral standards and how they affect conduct
Fermentation
A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, feed, food additives, veterinary drugs, human drugs, and medical devices
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
An organism produced by genetic engineering that contains DNA from another organism and produces new proteins encoded on the acquire DNA
Genetics
The study of genes and how they are inherited and expressed
Genome
One entire set if an organism's genetic material
Microbial agents
Synonym for microorganisms; living things too small to be seen without he aid of a microscope, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi
Human Genome Project
A collaborative international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes; completed in 2000
Insulin
A protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood
Journals
Scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions
Large-scale production
the manufacturing of large volumes of a product
Molecular Biology
The study of biological structures, functions, and heredity at the molecular level.
Molar
a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, or of any chemical species, in terms of amount of substance in a given volume.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
involved in research on disease
Negative Control
groups where a negative result is expected
Pharmaceutical
related to the production of medicines
Plasmid
small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
The technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
Positive Control
groups where a positive result is expected
Proteases
enzymes that hydrolyze protein
Pure Science
science used just for the knowledge. It's applied when you make use of it; the continuing search for scientific knowledge
Reagent
chemical substances that detects or synthesizes other substances in a chemical reaction
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Recombinant DNA Technology
technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule
Research and Development (R&D)
The scientific process of creating and improving products via design and engineering
Restriction Enzyme
Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Therapeutic
having the power to heal or cure; beneficial
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
short for tissue plasminogen activator; one of the first genetically engineered products to be sold; a naturally occurring enzyme that breaks down blood clots and clears blocked blood vessels
U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA
regulates production of fresh fruits and vegetables;oversees the American farming industry
Variable
A factor that can change in an experiment
Virus
A piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
Amino Acids
monomers of proteins
Anatomy
The study of body structure
Carbohydrates
Source of energy; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; sugars and starches
Cell
Basic unit of life
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Cellular respiration
The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
Cellulose
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells
epithelial cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of therapeutic proteins
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Chromosomes
A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Cytology
The study of cells
Cytoplasm
the material within a cell apart from the nucleus
Cytoskeleton
a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape
Deoxyribose
A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA backbone
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Enzyme
protein that acts as a biological catalyst
Eukaryotic/Eukaryote
Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.
Fluorometer
a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light
Fructose
A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Hormone
Chemicals produced by your glands that regulate the activities of different body cells
Human epithelial (HeLa) cells
a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research; It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line; The line was derived from cervical cancer cells
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water.
Hydrophobic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Lipids
Fats
Lysosome
An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Macromolecule
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the message that will be translated to form a protein
Mitochondria
supply energy to the cell
Monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Organelles
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
Organic
Contains carbon
Organism
An individual living thing
Pancreas
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood
Phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Physiology
science dealing with the functions of living things or their organs
Pigments
Molecules that absorb, reflect, or transmit light.
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Polysaccharide
Long chains of linked monosaccharides.
Prokaryotic/Prokaryote
An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.
Proteins
Chains of amino acids