Oral communication exam (terms)

Communication Barriers

Factors that prevent us from effectively exchanging/understanding messages

Language barrier

Speak different languages attempt to interact

Sematic barrier

Different interpretations of the meaning of words

Syntatic barrier

Involves grammar mistakes like verbs tense shifts or differing sentence structures

Physical/environmental barrier

Physical limitation that can interfere with the communication process

Emotional/Psychological barrier

Prevents people from fully expressing their emotions or feelings to one another

Cultural barrier

Happens due to cultural differences

Kinship

-Family ties

-Individualstic and Collectivistic

-Generally form the basis of societal organization

Sexuality

Societies vary significantly in the degree to which they encourage or discourage intimacy

Gender

Categorizing children into the binary categories of femal and male is fairly common

Religion

Will become a barrier if there’s no respect in e/o religion beliefs and practices

Dress code

Some cultures encourages conservative dress

Food/eating habits

Includes not only what you eat but when

Intrapersonal communication

Internal monologue within us

Internal discourse

In your mind

Vocal discourse

Saying aloud/thoughts are vocalized

Written discourse

Diaries, journals, tweets, and notes

Interpersonal communication

What we normally think of communication

Dyad

2 individuals are involved

Group

More than 2 people involved

Psychological context

People bring needs, values, attitude, personality into interaction

Situational context

Deals with the psychosocial “where” the exchange happens

Environmental context

Physical “where”, room arrangements or environment

Cultural context

Learned rules and behaviours affecting communication

Relation context

How close/distant the relationship of those interacting

Public communication

-To preach/inform, get elected, improve business, and promote social causes, movies, even themselves

-Public soeaking skills

Mass communication

-broadcasted/converted into another form

-exchange of info/ideas a,ong large numbers of people simultaneously throught broadcast radio/television

Traditional mass media

1 way communication, passive audience, scheduled, physical/broadcasted

New media

Dynamic, less structured, informal, instantaneous, on-demand, active audience

Sender

Also known as the encoder or speaker.

The person or origin that creates an idea and converts it into a message (words, symbols, signals) to send to others.unication process.

Message

The content, idea, information, or feeling being communicated from sender to receiver.ion, or ideas.

Receiver

Also known as the reader or decoder.

The person who receives the message and interprets or makes sense of the sender’s symbols.

Channel

The medium or pathway used to deliver the message (e.g., face-to-face, phone, email, text, radio).

Feedback

The receiver’s response to the sender that indicates whether the message was received and how it was interpreted.

Noise

Any interference or barrier (physical, semantic, psychological, technical) that distorts or disrupts the transmission or understanding of the message.

Aristotle

Father of communication

Aristotle’s model of communication

A speaker-centered, one-way model that explains persuasion as Speaker → Speech → Occasion → Audience → Effect, emphasizing rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, and logos) and how a speaker composes a speech to move or persuade an audience.

This model’s major weakness is no feedback and a passive audience.

Laswell communication model

A linear, analytic formula model summarized as “Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect.” It was used to study media and propaganda, especially during WWII, to understand how messages influenced public opinion.

This model’s major weakness is no feedback and no noise (it treats media as one-way).

Shannon-Weaver model

A linear, technical/information-theory model that treats communication as Information Source → Transmitter → Channel (with noise) → Receiver → Destination, highlighting signal, noise, and channel capacity.

This model introduced the concept of noise.

This model’s major weakness is its mechanical nature and one-way with no feedback.

Schramm’s model

An interactive/circular model centered on encoding–decoding and overlapping “fields of experience,” showing that communication succeeds when sender and receiver share common experiences and provide feedback.

This model’s major weakness is it doesn’t explicitly address noise.

Berlo’s SMCR model

A linear, component-focused model (Source–Message–Channel–Receiver) that emphasizes attributes of the source and receiver (skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system) and qualities of the message and channel.

This model’s major weakness is it’s linear and ignores feedback and noise.

Wood’s Transactional Model

A transactional model that shows communication as simultaneous and co-creative — people send and receive at the same time.

This model’s major weakness is it’s highly complex and not predictive.

Linear Model

A one-way communication process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver without expecting feedback. Information flows in a straight line.

Interactive model

A two-way communication process where the sender and receiver both participate and exchange feedback. Meaning is created through interaction.

Transactional model

A dynamic, simultaneous process where sender and receiver send and receive messages at the same time. Communication is continuous and context-dependent.

Communication

Comes from the Latin word “Communicare” meaning working as one

Complex process

Cycle of actions that produce something to a particular result

Verbal (words)

Common and familiar form of human interaction

Oral/spoken

Spoken words and active listening to convey messages

Written language

Written texts, letters, chats, texts, announcement

Non-verbal

Express through body language, gesture, and facial expression

Compliment, reinforce, contradict verbal messages

Facial expression

1st thing we notice about someone

Responsible for a large proportion of non verbal communication

Gestures

Movement/signals that communicate meaning w/o words

Paralinguistics

Vocal communication through tone, loudness, inflection, and pitch

Vocal communication separate from actual language

Body language

Conveys a great deal of information about feelings and attitude

More subtle and less definitive

Proxemics

Amount of space we perceive as belonging to us

Eye gaze

Crucial role in non-verbal

Indicate emotions like hostility, interest, and attraction

Haptics

Communicatimg through touch

Crucial for development in infancy and early childhood

Appearance

People can perceived through looks

Influences psychological reactions, judgments, and interpretations

Artifacts

Images and tools be used to convey message

Surround themselves with objects that convey information about their identity

Visual language

Sign language and other images that are associated with a fixed meaning

Impromptu speech

On the spot, little to no time to prepare

Extemporaneous

Presentation of carefully planned and rehearsed soeech w/a structure

Spoken on controversial manner using brief notes

Manuscript

Can bring copy/script

Memorized

Prepared speech used in a performances, theatre etc