[DOSAGE FORMS] Semi-Solid Dosage Forms

Proverbs 16:3

c. Ointments

[Semi-Solid Dosage Forms]

Semi-solid dosage forms intended for external use.

a. Suppositories
b. Implants
c. Ointments
d. Capsules

a. Emollient

[NOTES]

Soft and pliable

a. Emollient

b. Occlusive

b. Occlusive

[NOTES]

Traps H2O in the skin

a. Emollient

b. Occlusive

• Oleaginous Bases

• Absorption Base

• Water-Removable Base

• Water-Soluble Base

Types of Ointment Bases [4]

a. Oleaginous Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

Hydrocarbon bases

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

a. Oleaginous Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

• Have emollient and occlusive effects

• Greasy and non-water washable

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

• Petrolatum, USP

• White Petrolatum, USP

• Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

• White Wax

• Yellow Ointment, USP

• White Ointment, USP

Examples of Oleaginous Bases [6]

Petrolatum, USP

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

• Yellow petrolatum

• Petroleum jelly or Vaseline

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

a. Petrolatum, USP

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

Mixture of semisolid HC from petrolatum

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

d. White Wax

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

MULTIPLE ANSWERS:

Bleached or decolorized

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

Wax from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

b. Beeswax

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

Yellow wax is also known as:

a. Carnauba wax
b. Beeswax
c. Paraffin wax
d. White wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

Simple ointment

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

Yellow petrolatum + yellow wax

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

[Examples of Oleaginous Bases]

White petrolatum + white wax

a. Petrolatum, USP

b. White Petrolatum, USP

c. Yellow Wax (Beeswax)

d. White Wax

e. Yellow Ointment, USP

f. White Ointment, USP

b. Absorption Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

• W/O emulsions

• Greasy and non-water washable

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

b. Absorption Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

• Less emollient and occlusive effects

• Can absorb small amounts of water

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

• Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

• Lanolin, USP
  

Examples of Absorption Base [2]

a. Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

[Examples of Absorption Base]

Also known as Aquaphor

a. Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

b. Lanolin, USP

a. Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

[Examples of Absorption Base]

White petrolatum + white wax + cholesterol + stearyl alcohol

a. Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

b. Lanolin, USP

b. Lanolin, USP

[Examples of Absorption Base]

Also known as Anhydrous Lanolin

a. Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

b. Lanolin, USP

b. Lanolin, USP

[Examples of Absorption Base]

Wax-like substance from the wool of sheep (Ovis aries)

a. Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP

b. Lanolin, USP

c. Water-Removable Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

• O/W emulsions or creams

• Easily washed off with water

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

c. Water-Removable Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

May be diluted with large amounts of water

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

• Lipid-free

• Greaseless and water-washable

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

Used for incorporation of solid substances

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

c. Water-Removable Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

Hydrophilic Ointment is an example of:

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

[Types of Ointment Bases]

PEG Ointment is an example of:

a. Oleaginous Bases

b. Absorption Base

c. Water-Removable Base

d. Water-Soluble Base

a. MW <600

Clear, colorless liquids

a. MW <600

b. MW 600 – 1000

c. MW >1000

b. MW 600 – 1000

Semi-solids

a. MW <600

b. MW 600 – 1000

c. MW >1000

c. MW >1000

White, wax-like solids

a. MW <600

b. MW 600 – 1000

c. MW >1000

a. Creams

• Semi-solid preparations containing 1 or more APIs dissolved in either o/w or w/o emulsion base

• Soft, spreadable consistency

a. Creams

b. Ointments

c. Gels

d. Pastes

a. True

Creams are soft and have spreadable consistency

a. True

b. False

• Vanishing creams

• Cold creams

Example of Creams [2]

Vanishing cream

[CREAMS]

• Stearic acid + large percentage of H2O

• Humectant

a. Vanishing cream
b. Cold cream

a. Rose Water Ointment / Galen’s cerate

[CREAMS]
Old formulation of cold cream is known as:

a. Rose Water Ointment / Galen’s cerate

b. Petrolatum Rose Water Ointment

b. Petrolatum Rose Water Ointment

[CREAMS]
New formulation of cold cream is known as:

a. Rose Water Ointment / Galen’s cerate

b. Petrolatum Rose Water Ointment

a. Vanishing cream

[CREAMS]

Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion base

a. Vanishing cream
b. Cold cream

b. Cold cream

[CREAMS]

Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion base

a. Vanishing cream
b. Cold cream

• Aqueous solution

• Oleaginous portion

• Emulsifying agent

• Humectant

• Preservatives

[CREAMS]
Components of Creams [5]

c. Gels

Clear, transparent, and non-greasy semi-solids containing APIs dissolved in an aqueous liquid, rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agent.

a. Ointments
b. Creams
c. Gels
d. Pastes

a. Thixotropy

[Phenomena in Gels]

Reversible gel-sol formation

a. Thixotropy

b. Imbibition

c. Swelling

d. Syneresis

b. Imbibition

[Phenomena in Gels]

Taking up of liquid without an increase in size

a. Thixotropy

b. Imbibition

c. Swelling

d. Syneresis

c. Swelling

[Phenomena in Gels]

Taking up of liquid with increase in size

a. Thixotropy

b. Imbibition

c. Swelling

d. Syneresis

d. Syneresis

[Phenomena in Gels]

Liquid is squeezed out and the gel shrinks, forming a xerogel

a. Thixotropy

b. Imbibition

c. Swelling

d. Syneresis

• Single Phase Gels

• Two Phase Gels

Type of Gels [2]

a. Single Phase Gels

[Type of Gels]

Gels in which macromolecules are distinguished somewhat uniformly in a liquid vehicle and no apparent boundary can be seen

a. Single Phase Gels

b. Two Phase Gels

b. Two Phase Gels

[Type of Gels]

Gels made up of flocculated small distinct particles (e.g. Milk of Magnesia – 7- 8.5% MgO)

a. Single Phase Gels

b. Two Phase Gels

a. Inorganic gels

[Gels]

Usually two-phase systems

a. Inorganic gels

b. Organic gels

• Aluminum hydroxide ge

• Bentonite magma

[Gels]

Example of Inorganic gels [2]

b. Organic gels

[Gels]

Usually single-phase systems

a. Inorganic gels

b. Organic gels

• Carbopol

• Tragacanth

[Gels]

Example of Organic gel [2]

• Pectin paste

• Tragacanth jelly

[Gels]

Example of Organic hydrogels [2]

• Methylcellulose

• Na CMC (Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose)

• Pluronic

[Gels]

Example of Natural and synthetic gums [3]

• Bentonite gel (10-25%)

• Veegum

• Silica

[Gels]

Example of Inorganic hydrogels [3]

• Petrolatum

• Mineral oil

• Polyethylene gel (Plastibase)

[Gels]

Example of Hydrocarbon type Organogels [3]

• Lard

• Cocoa butter

• Hydrogenated vegetable oil

[Gels]

Example of Animal, vegetable fats [3]

Al stearate with heavy mineral oil gel

[Gels]

Example of Soap base greases [1]

Hydrophilic Organogels

[Gels]

Example of Carbowax bases (PEG ointment) [1]

c. Pastes

Semi-solid preparations containing a larger proportion of solid materials than ointments and therefore stiffer.

a. Creams
b. Gels
c. Pastes
d. Lotions

ZnO Paste

[Pastes]

Example of Pastes [1]

a. ZnO Paste

[Pastes]

25% ZnO + 25% Starch in white petrolatum

a. ZnO Paste
b. ZnO Ointment
c. ZnO Cream
d. ZnO lotio

b. ZnO Paste

[Pastes]

Used in diaper rash

a. Zinc oxide ointment
b. ZnO Paste
c. Calamine lotion
d. Hydrophilic Petrolatum

c. Plasters

Solid or semi-solid masses spread on a backing material

a. Ointments
b. Creams
c. Plasters
d. Gels

c. Plasters

Used for protection and mechanical support

a. Ointments
b. Creams
c. Plasters
d. Gels

c. Plasters

Provide prolonged and close contact with the skin

a. Ointments
b. Creams
c. Plasters
d. Gels

b. Poultices / Cataplasms

Soft, moist masses of meal, herbs, seeds, etc., usually applied hot on a cloth that consists of gruel-like consistency.

a. Plasters
b. Poultices / Cataplasms
c. Ointments
d. Creams

b. Cataplasms

Poultice is also known as:

a. Plasters
b. Cataplasms
c. Stupe
d. Compress

a. Pledgets

Small compress or tuft, usually of cotton or cotton wool, used to apply disinfectant or medicament to the skin

a. Plasters
b. Poultices / Cataplasms
c. Ointments
d. Creams

a. Pledgets

Used for sterilizing sutures

a. Pledgets
b. Poultices / Cataplasms
c. Ointments
d. Creams

d. Glycerogelatins

Plastic masses applied to the skin with a fine brush

a. Pledgets
b. Poultices / Cataplasms
c. Ointments
d. Glycerogelatins

• 40% Glycerin

• 35% Water

• 15% Gelatin

• 10% API

Components of Glycerogelatins include ____ [4]