Q4 AP Reviewer

Society

is organized through groups which can be categorized as primary or secondary.

Groups

are formed by two or more individuals, interacting and identifying with each other, because of some similar characteristics or shared interests.

group formation

Common ancestry and territorial proximity (nearness of physical distance between those who form a group)

Primary group

refer to those built on the bases of intimate and personal relationships that allow them to thrive and tend to last, through cooperation and close association.

The family, children's play groups, groups in the community helps shape the individuals personality and identity.

Secondary group

This tend to be larger and more impersonal in nature. Thus, membership depends on shared aspirations or common objectives, rather than on family ties or personal relationships.

Members don't necessarily interact with everyone in the group.

Bound by their shared social identities.

In-group

Groups that positively define themselves with members as the point of reference

Out-group

Those who don't belong to the group, those who are not the same with the in-group, and those that are different from the in-group.

Social network

is defined as a group of people who have occasional interactions and who engage in similar or related tasks while remaining unknown, unfamiliar, or only slightly familiar with each other.

Family

is commonly defined as the most basic social unit composed of one or more parents and (a) child/children who typically live together.

Conjugal family

is composed of one or two parents

and their child or children,

Extended family

is composed of parents and children, plus other members of their kin (a group with common ancestry or marriage ties).

Reconstituted family

A family where its members differ from the typical members of a nuclear or an extended family.

Kinship

is formally defined as family ties with "social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption" (Macionis 2012).

Can be traced either matrilineally or patrilineally.

Matrilineal kinship

is traced when people are considered members of the mother's group from birth onward,

Patrilineal kinship

is identified when people are considered members of the father's group from birth onward.

Unilineal,

When descent is traced only either through gatrilineal or matrilineal kinship

Bilateral

both matrilineal and patrilineal descent

Ritual kinship

Through religious rituals, kinship is established where such rituals are practiced.

Compadre system

it initiates a godparent-godchild relationship that serves to strengthen ties between families (who may or may not be related by blood).

Upper level

(older elite and capitalist-entrepreneurs);

Middle high level

(professionals and bureaucrats);

Middle low level

(small-scale businessmen and employees);

Lower level

(fishermen, crewmen, laborers, and market vendors).

Political kinship

may also be established politically through political alliances formed on the basis of political loyalty to powerful figures in a community.

Band

a small, egalitarian, kin-based group of perhaps 10-50 people

Tribes

comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated (often through a council of elders or other leaders—informal political structure) and shared a language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture.

Chiefdom

are organized through formal structures that integrate several communities (such as tribes) into a distinct political entity led by a council of elders or leaders which typically has a chief, but doesn't always have one.

State

*an independent, sovereign government exercising control over a certain spatially defined and bounded area, whose borders are usually clearly defined and internationally recognized by other states"

Nation

"a group of people who see themselves as a cohesive and coherent unit based on shared cultural or historical criteria.

Are socially constructed units...” that are essentially "imagined communities...bound together by notions of unity that can pivot around religion, ethnic identity, language, cultural practice and so forth" (Rock 2020).

State

typically has the following elements: population (people), territory, government, and sovereignty.

Nation

characterized by a people living in a specific territory (similar to the elements of a state), is distinctly marked by a shared history and culture, most of the times including bonds of linguistic and religious ties as well.

Political structures

in modern nations and states, and even in the bands, tribes, and chiefdoms on the ancient past, are governed through wielding authority.

Traditional authority

(often considered a synonym of hereditary authority or authority passed through the bloodline of leaders, as in absolute monarchies);

Charismatic authority

(authority drawn from a leader's personal charisma-the capacity of a leader to attract and retain loyal and devoted followers through his/her personal qualities, just like what some dictators and cult leaders are capable of);

Rational-legal authority

(authority drawn from legal and constitutional mandates that are usually collectively agreed upon and/or approved by those who are governed, as in what is practiced in many modern democratic countries or at least, in countries that claim to be democratic).

Market economies

rely on money or currency to facilitate trade or the exchange of goods and services. Follows the law of supply and demand.

Adheres to capitalist free trade and/or where the private sector is either dominant, deregulated, or at least relatively strong.

Governed by the profit motive

Non-market economies

rely on barter and similar forms of product/commodity exchanges.

“government ownership or control of the means of production" and "government control over the allocation of resources and over the price and outout decisions of enterprises"

Reciprocity

refers to the direct exchange of goods or services, so as to redistribute it to the members of the society.

Redistribution

means the transfer of goods or services from a central authority that collects it from community members and/or external sources

Market transaction

indirect exchange of goods and services— facilitated by money or currency

Stock market

Other than physical goods (such as laptops and canned goods) and actual services (such as tutorial and laundry services), stocks or shares-partial ownership-of corporations can also be bought by money or traded in the so-called?

Primary sector

(engaged in extraction of raw materials such as petroleum, minerals, logs etc., and in extracting natural resources through agriculture and fishing),

Secondary sector

(engaged in manufacturing or the mass production of goods/commodities from raw materials),

Tertiary sector

(engaged in providing services, especially those that facilitate the transport, distribution and sale of goods/commodities).