BIOL1030: Plant Diversity

Typical plant characteristics

• Autotrophic

• Starch as storage carb

• Cell walls of cellulose

• Haplodiplontic life cycle

• Tissues develop from apical meristems

• Leaves, stems, roots

Ploidy of gametophyte

Haploid

Ploidy of sporophyte

Diploid

The product of meiosis in plants

Spores

The product of mitosis in plants

Gametes

What develops into gametophytes?

Spores

What develops into sporophytes?

Gametophytes

Nonvascular plant phyla

Hepatophyta (liverworts)

Bryophyta (mosses)

Seedless vascular plant phyla

Lycophyta (club mosses)

Monilophyta (ferns & horsetails)

Seed vascular plant phyla

Coniferophyta “gymnosperms” (cone bearing plants)

Anthophyta “angiosperms” (flowering plants)

Hepatophyta gametophyte body plan

• Dioecious

• Dominant

• Body shape facilitates sperm transfer

Gametangia

• Where gametes are produced

• antheridia (male)

• archegonia (female)

Hepatophyta sporophyte body plan

• Small, dependent on gametophyte

• No vascular tissue

Place of fertilization in hepatophyta and its related structures

• archegonium

• foot embeds into the female gametophyte

• seta grows out of archegonium

• sporangium is a capsule at the tip of seta

  • homosporous

Bryophyta gametophyte body plan

• protonema growth from the spore

• buds along its length

• grows into gametophores

  • each with gametangia

• dioecious

• no vascular tissue

Gametophore vs Gametangia

Gametophore is the structure where gametangia is found

Bryophyta sporophyte body plan

• foot

• seta

• sporangium (capsule)

  • homosporous

• nonvascular

• gametophyte dependent

Monilophyta gametophyte body plan

• independent

• small

• short-lived

• photosynthetic

• hermaproditic

Monilophyta sporophyte body plan

• long-lived

• true organs

  • vascular

  • rhizome (underground stem)

  • fronds (compound leaves)

  • roots

Where are sporangia found in monilophyta?

Sporophylls that contain sporocytes

Sori

Clustered sporangia

• covered in indusium

A SDC of the seed plants

• Heterospory

  • megaspores

  • microspores

Microgametophytes

• pollen grains

• reduced plants (two cells)

• breaks dependency on water

Where does fertilization occur in flowering plants?

In the ovule

Coniferophyta sporophyte body plan

• dominant

• sporangia on branches and leaves of cones

  • pollen cone

    • microsporangia

  • ovulate cone

    • megasporangia

Coniferophyta gametophyte body plan

• megagametophyte

  • dependent on sporophyte

  • 2-6 archegonia

  • tissue becomes the nutrition source for sporophyte embryo

• microgametophyte

  • microscopic plants consisting of 4 cells

    • 1 tube

    • 2 prothallial

    • 1 generative: divides again to produce 2 sperms

  • covered by exine

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