BACTERIOLOGY TAXONOMY

b

Which discipline is specifically defined as the academic process of categorizing and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics?
a. Identification
b. Taxonomy
c. Nomenclature
d. Specification
e. Phylogeny

c

In the taxonomic hierarchy, which of the following is considered the broadest level?
a. Kingdom
b. Phylum
c. Domain
d. Genus
e. Species

d

A collection of bacterial strains that share common physiological and genetic features within a species is known as a:
a. Biotype
b. Serotype
c. Genotype
d. Subspecies
e. Morphotype

a

Which surface antigen is located on the O-specific polysaccharide portion of the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane?
a. Somatic Antigen
b. Flagellar Antigen
c. Capsular Antigen
d. Virulence Antigen
e. H Antigen

d

During the PCR process, at what temperature range does the "Annealing" step typically occur?
a.94-95 C
b. 72 C
c. 37C
d. 50-65C
e. 100C

e

What is the gold standard for phylogenetic identification based on conserved ribosomal RNA genes?
a. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
b. Multilocus Sequence Typing
c. Whole-Genome Sequencing
d. Polymerase Chain Reaction
e. 16S rRNA Sequencing

b

Which method focuses on readily observable physical and functional features such as colony morphology and odor?
a. Genotypic Methods
b. Phenotypic Methods
c. Phylogenetic Methods
d. Serological Methods
e. Molecular Methods

c

According to the rules of Binomial Nomenclature, which of the following is true?
a. Both Genus and Species are capitalized.
b. The Genus is lowercase, and Species is capitalized.
c. The Genus is capitalized, and Species is lowercase.
d. Both names must be in bold rather than italics.
e. Only the Species name is underlined when handwritten.

e

What is the common name/informal designation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
a. Diphtheria bacillus
b. Influenza bacillus
c. Tubercle bacillus
d. Cholera bacterium
e. Gonococcus

d

Which feature is unique to Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes?
a. Ribosomes
b. Cell Wall
c. Pili
d. Membrane-bound nucleus
e. Cytoplasmic membrane

d

Prokaryotic ribosomes have a total rate of 70S. What are the specific subunits?
a. 60S + 40S
b. 50S + 20S
c. 40S + 30S
d. 50S + 30S
e. 60S + 30S

b

Which prokaryotic structure is described as small, circular, extrachromosomal dsDNA that carries non-essential genes like antibiotic resistance?
a. Nucleoid
b. Plasmid
c. Inclusion
d. Mesosome
e. Endospore

c

"Babes-Ernst granules" are a clinical example of which type of inclusion found in Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
a. Polysaccharide Granules
b. Lipid Deposits
c. Metachromatic Granules
d. Sulfur Granules
e. Glycogen Granules

c

Which staining method is used to visualize endospores?
a. Gram stain
b. Ziehl-Neelsen stain
c. Schaeffer-Fulton stain
d. Methylene Blue stain
e. Crystal Violet stain

d

What is the primary function of a bacterial endospore?
a. Reproduction
b. Motility
c. Nutrient storage
d. Survival under extreme conditions
e. Protein synthesis

c

Which of the following is a key component found in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria but absent in Gram-negative bacteria?
a. Peptidoglycan
b. Lipopolysaccharide
c. Teichoic Acid
d. Porins
e. Phospholipids

d

The toxic component of the Gram-negative outer membrane responsible for fever and septic shock is:
a. Core Polysaccharide
b. O Antigen
c. Porin
d. Lipid A
e. Murein

c

Which bacteria naturally lack a cell wall and incorporate sterols into their plasma membrane?
a. Mycobacterium
b. Staphylococcus
c. Mycoplasma
d. Bacillus
e. Escherichia

d

In the Gram stain procedure, what serves as the mordant?
a. Crystal Violet
b. Acetone-Alcohol
c. Safranin
d. Gram's Iodine
e. Carbolfuchsin

b

Which genus is characterized by an "Acid-Fast" cell wall containing mycolic acid?
a. Streptococcus
b. Mycobacterium
c. Neisseria
d. Shigella
e. Proteus

c

A bacterial capsule is an organized layer of glycocalyx that primarily functions to:
a. Promote motility
b. Facilitate DNA transfer
c. Inhibit phagocytosis
d. Store inorganic polyphosphates
e. Synthesize proteins

d

Using the "SKY" mnemonic for non-motile bacteria, which organism does the 'K' represent?
a. Kurthia
b. Kocuria
c. Kingella
d. Klebsiella
e. Kytococcus

d

Which structure is a long, hollow protein tube used for conjugation (DNA transfer) between bacterial cells?
a. Fimbriae
b. Flagella
c. Axial Filaments
d. Pili (Sex Pili)
e. Glycocalyx

a

A single polar flagellum arrangement is known as:
a. Monotrichous
b. Lophotrichous
c. Amphitrichous
d. Peritrichous
e. Atrichous

b

Proteus spp. exhibit a characteristic concentric wave-like growth on agar known as:
a. Twitching motility
b. Swarming motility
c. Corkscrew motion
d. Gliding motility
e. Falling leaf motility

d

Which type of organism is described as an acellular obligate intracellular parasite with a DNA or RNA core?
a. Bacteria
b. Parasite
c. Fungi
d. Virus
e. Prion

b

The practical laboratory process of assigning an unknown organism to an established taxon is:
a. Taxonomy
b. Identification
c. Nomenclature
d. Classification
e. Biotyping

c

Which of the following is NOT part of the taxonomic hierarchy for Bacteria?
a. Genus
b. Family
c. Kingdom
d. Order
e. Class

b

Strains differentiated by their distinctive surface antigens are called:
a. Biotypes
b. Serotypes
c. Genotypes
d. Phenotypes
e. Archaeotypes

c

The "Vi Antigen" is a specific capsular antigen found in which pathogen?
a. E. coli
b. S. aureus
c. Salmonella Typhi
d. C. diphtheriae
e. B. anthracis

c

What happens during the "Extension" step of PCR?
a. Primers bind to target sequences
b. dsDNA separates into strands
c. DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
d. DNA fragments are separated by size
e. mRNA is converted to cDNA

d

Which genotypic method is used for epidemiological strain typing by separating large DNA fragments?
a. PCR
b. MLST
c. WGS
d. PFGE
e. 16S Sequencing

c

Microscopic characteristics include all the following EXCEPT:
a. Cell shape
b. Gram reaction
c. Colony pigmentation
d. Spore formation
e. Motility

c

What is the correct abbreviation for Escherichia coli according to nomenclature rules?
a. escherichia C.
b. E. Coli
c. E. coli
d. e. Coli
e. E-coli

d

The common name for Corynebacterium diphtheriae is:
a. Gonococcus
b. Tubercle bacillus
c. Cholera bacterium
d. Diphtheria bacillus
e. Influenza bacillus

d

Which feature is present in Prokaryotes but absent in Eukaryotes?
a. Mitochondria
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Endoplasmic reticulum
d. Nucleoid
e. Lysosomes

c

What is the composition of the bacterial cell wall (Murein)?
a. Chitin
b. Cellulose
c. Peptidoglycan
d. Sterols
e. Glycogen

b

Which structure is the site of cellular protein synthesis?
a. Nucleoid
b. Ribosomes
c. Plasmids
d. Inclusions
e. Mesosomes

c

The process of spore formation triggered by nutrient depletion is called:
a. Germination
b. Binary fission
c. Sporulation
d. Conjugation
e. Mitosis

b

Which of the following are key spore-forming anaerobic pathogens?
a. Bacillus species
b. Clostridium species
c. Staphylococcus species
d. Mycobacterium species
e. Neisseria species

b

In Gram-negative bacteria, where is the periplasmic space located?
a. Inside the cytoplasm
b. Between the cell membrane and outer membrane
c. Outside the outer membrane
d. Within the peptidoglycan layer
e. Inside the nucleus

d

What is the counterstain used in the Gram stain procedure?
a. Crystal Violet
b. Gram's Iodine
c. Acetone-Alcohol
d. Safranin
e. Methylene Blue

c

Which layer acts as an initial permeability barrier against large antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria?
a. Cytoplasmic membrane
b. Peptidoglycan layer
c. Outer membrane
d. Capsule
e. Periplasm

c

Which component of LPS is used to differentiate serovars like E. coli O157:H7?
a. Lipid A
b. Core Polysaccharide
c. O-Specific Polysaccharide
d. Teichoic Acid
e. Porin Protein

c

Bacteria that are pleomorphic and naturally resistant to Penicillins because they lack a cell wall are:
a. Mycobacterium
b. Nocardia
c. Mycoplasma
d. Bacillus
e. Clostridium

c

In the Acid-Fast stain, what is the secondary/counterstain?
a. Carbolfuchsin
b. Acid-Alcohol
c. Methylene Blue
d. Safranin
e. Malachite Green

c

Aggregates of microorganisms enclosed in an EPS matrix that protect bacteria from antibiotics are called:
a. Capsules
b. Slime layers
c. Biofilms
d. Endospores
e. Plasmids

c

What is the function of fimbriae?
a. DNA transfer
b. Motility
c. Adherence to host receptors
d. Protein synthesis
e. Osmotic protection

c

Which motility structure wraps around the cell body of spirochetes to produce a corkscrew motion?
a. Flagella
b. Pili
c. Axial Filaments
d. Fimbriae
e. Glycocalyx

d

Which arrangement describes flagella distributed over the entire cell surface?
a. Monotrichous
b. Lophotrichous
c. Amphitrichous
d. Peritrichous
e. Atrichous