Unit3+4VocabAPWH

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire, reformed laws, and presided over its political and cultural height in the 1500s

Constantinople (1453)

City conquered by the Ottomans, ending the Byzantine Empire and shifting major trade routes

carrack

Large, multi-masted European sailing ship used for long-distance trade and exploration

caravel

Small, fast, maneuverable ship used by Portuguese and Spanish explorers

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal

Christopher Columbus

Genoese explorer whose voyages linked Europe and the Americas

encomenderos

Spanish settlers granted control over Indigenous labor and tribute

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, later destroyed by the Spanish

Moctezuma II

Aztec emperor during the Spanish conquest.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Cuzco

Capital city of the Inca Empire.

Atahualpa

Last Inca emperor, captured and executed by the Spanish.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

encomiendas

Spanish labor system granting colonists authority over Indigenous workers.

Potosí and Zacatecas

Major silver-mining centers in the Spanish Empire.

mita

Inca labor draft adapted by the Spanish for mining.

Atlantic system

Network of trade linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement challenging Catholic authority in Europe.

Martin Luther

Protestant reformer who criticized Catholic practices in 1517.

Jean Calvin

Protestant leader who emphasized predestination.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Catholic missionary order promoting education and global conversion.

Akbar

Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and strong centralized rule.

Manila galleons

Spanish ships that traded silver for Asian goods across the Pacific.

mercantilism

Economic system focused on state control of trade to increase national wealth.

Chartered companies

State-backed trading corporations granted monopolies.

Little Ice Age

Period of cooler global temperatures affecting agriculture.

Saint-Domingue

French Caribbean colony and major sugar producer.

Asante state

Powerful West African empire built on trade and military strength.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Dutch trading company dominating Asian commerce.

Celali Revolt

Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire caused by economic hardship.

Mamluks

Military elite that previously ruled Egypt.

“Son of Heaven”

Chinese emperor’s title signifying divine authority.

Manchus

Ethnic group that established the Qing dynasty in China.

Canton system

Qing policy restricting European trade to one port.

Tokugawa shogunate

Military government ruling Japan during isolation.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Muscovy

Early Russian state centered on Moscow.

Tsar Ivan IV

Russian ruler who centralized power through violence.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who westernized and modernized Russia.

Thirty Years’ War

Major European conflict over religion and power.

enclosure

Privatization of common lands in England.

Absolute monarchy

Government where the ruler holds total power.

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful overthrow of England’s king establishing constitutional monarchy.

Seven Years’ War

Global conflict involving European empires.

janissaries

Elite Ottoman infantry loyal to the sultan.

Shah Abbas I

Safavid ruler who strengthened Iran politically and economically.

devshirme

Ottoman system recruiting Christian boys for state service.

Taj Mahal

Mughal mausoleum symbolizing imperial wealth.

Palace of Versailles

Symbol of French absolute monarchy.

Shinto

Indigenous Japanese religion emphasizing nature and ancestors.

Dutch learning

Japanese study of Western science during isolation.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individual rights.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed heliocentric model of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

Supported heliocentrism through scientific observation.

Isaac Newton

Formulated laws of motion and gravity.

Voltaire

Enlightenment thinker advocating freedom of speech.

John Locke

Philosopher arguing for natural rights and consent of the governed.

Adam Smith

Economist advocating free-market capitalism.

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries spreading Christianity worldwide.

creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas.

peninsulares

Spaniards born in Europe living in the colonies.

Oceania

Region including Pacific islands and Australia.

Captain James Cook

British explorer who mapped the Pacific.