Spanish Conquest (1521 - 1571)

Asia

considered the source of exotic and valuable goods

Ex: Silk of China, precious stones of India, and spices of Southeast Asia

Roman Empire

nagbigay ng pundasyon sa
lahat ng aspeto (engineering, science, etc.)

Holy Roman Empire

revival of the Roman
Empire with the church

Charlemagne

first emperor of Holy
Roman Empire
○ Subdivided the Roman empire into three
(Spain, Germany, and France), for his
three sons.

Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria

For 800 years, Spain was under Moors (Islam).

He campaigned to get Spain from the
Muslims.

Ferdinand II campaigned for a better economy (God, Gold, and Glory).

Because of him, Spain successfully
became an empire.

Competition between Spain and Portugal

- get more colonies.
- resulted in the: these two became
the Climax and the official start of Renaissance.
○ Age of Discovery
○ Age of Exploration

Why is Spain and Portugal interested in spices?

Mainly because of food preservation. Spices can
store products for longer days and if we have longer
days of stocking the fresh products, it is still useful to
the market. Usefulness to market will give you a
boost of economy

spices → food preservation → market sales → better
economy

Mercantilism

Spain and Portugal use this to boost their economy

Ang Mercantilism ng mga Europeans ay patunay na
mataas ang kanilang nationalism

Bakit interesado ang mga Europeans sa resources ng
iba? Wala ba silang resources?

Meron silang resources kaso nagkaroon sila ng
depletion of resources due to overpopulation,
industrialization, and abuse . Kukuha sila sa ibang
colonies para protektahan ang natural resources ng
sarili nilang Empire while earning the Gold and Silver.

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Paano nagka-idea ang Spain and Portugal sa Asia?

1. Silk Road Trade - maraming na-discover na
spices ang mga Europeans.

2. Historical Crusades - kahit walang
nagtagumpay na crusades, Europeans who
joined the crusades discovered the richness
of resources in Asia

Marco Polo

"pinakamagaling" sa lahat dahil kilala
ang Italians kanilang karunungan sa pag trade

Crusaders

have a taste of for Asian goods

Marco Polo

accounts wealth of China and Southeast Asia

Prince Henry the Navigator

led the Portuguese expeditions to South Africa

nagpatayo ng school for marine

Early Navigators (Spain VS Portugal)

Portugese explorers before Magellan

1. Ludovico di Varthema (1512)
2. Francisco Serrano (1520)
3. Duarte Barbosa

Inter Caetera (Spain VS Portugal)

Issued by Pope Alexander VI

May 3, 1493,

this papal bull aimed to resolve territorial disputes by dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

It granted the eastern territories to Portugal and the western ones to Spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas (Spain VS Portugal)

Signed in 1494,

(flat world)
this treaty adjusted the lines set by Inter Caetera, allowing Portugal to claim parts of Brazil and maintain control over African and Indian territories

Spain focused on its conquests in the Americas, including the Aztec Empire.

Portugese

are aggressive in expeditions; they
have the capacity and so much knowledge in
navigation. (nalugi ang Portugal)
○ They have schools for navigation.
○ They have tools for navigation.

Spanish

are smarter since they
recruit good people who are knowledgeable in
expeditions.
○ Mahilig mamirata.
○ Example: Si Magallanes ay isang
Portuguese, ngunit siya ay kinuha ng
Spain para magsagawa ng expedition

Rediscovery of the Philippines

Ferdinand Magellan
'rediscovered' the Philippines

arrived in 1521

Magellan's Theory on Pacific Route

Magellan developed his own navigational theories to find a westward route to the Spice Islands, believing he could reach them by sailing across the Pacific Ocean.

His route was ambitious, as the Pacific was largely uncharted at the time

Adelantado

King Charles V listened to
Magellan

giving him authority to explore and claim new territories in the name of Spain

Antonio Pigafetta

Venetian scholar and navigator, served as the expedition's chronicler

Enrique

interpreter

Challenges faced by Magellan in the expedition to Philippines

1. Winter in Rio de Plata
2. Santiago
3. Desertion of San Antonio

Winter in Rio de Plata

suppressed mutiny
and nipped a 2nd plot

Santiago

one of the ships in Magellan's fleet, encountered a hurricane that caused it to run aground, and became unseaworthy

San Antonio

deserted the fleet on
November 20 and left for Spain

Strait of All Saints

passage between the
Atlantic and Pacific Ocean): ipinangalan dahil
literal na kailangan mong tawagin lahat ng Santo
para makadaan. Tinawag na Strait of Magellan.

afterwards they found peace in the Pacific Islands

Events in February 1521

reached Islas de Las Velas Latinas (Guam in Marianas),

renamed it Isla de Ladrones (Island of Thieves) after some natives made off with one of the boats

After getting back the boat, Magellan
and his men obtained supplies and killed many natives

March 16, 1521

Magellan reached the Philippine archipelago

March 17, 1521

Homonhon

March 28, 1521

Limasawa and
met local leaders: Kolambu and Si Awi
(Siawi)

After some time, held a mass and erected a cross while Magellan claimed it for Spain

was part of a broader effort to spread Christianity and assert Spanish authority in the region

Rajah Humabon

demanded that Magellan pay tribute to him

Magellan countered by offering Spanish protectoreate
- Spanish could provide protection and support in exchange for loyalty

Fr. Pedro de Valderrama

celebrated mass on Easter Day
- introduction of Christianity

Baptism of 800 Natives

around 800 natives were baptized

Rajah Humabon taking the name Carlos in honor of King Charles V of Spain

Humamay becoming Juana, named after the Queen Mother of Spain

This mass baptism symbolized the beginning of formal Christianity in Asia

Sto. Nino

Magellan gave Juana
the image of the
Sto. Nino
telling her to keep it in place of her idols,
for it was a memory of the son of God

Battle of Mactan

Loss of Ships

Concepcion was burned

Trinidad was
captured, leaving

Victoria as the only surviving ship with Del Cano as leader along with 18 others

Battle of Mactan
Impact of the Battle

The battle was a result of tensions between Magellan's forces and the local chief, Lapu-Lapu, who resisted Spanish attempts to assert control.

Despite Magellan's efforts, he was killed in the battle, which marked a significant setback for the expedition

World was round and more lands to colonize

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1523

Simau de Abreu (P)

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1525

Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (S)

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1526

Fernão Lopes de Castanheda (P)

- He was not an explorer but rather a historian who documented Portuguese expeditions, providing valuable insights into their activities in Asia.

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1526

Sebastian Cabot (S)
Cabot's explorations included attempts to find a passage to the Spice Islands, which brought him close to the Philippines.

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1527

Alvaro de Sayavedra Ceron (S)

He was tasked with further explorations after Magellan's expedition but faced challenges, including conflicts with local populations

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1528

Simau de Vera (P)

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1538

Francisco de Castro (P)

Spanish and Portugese Expeditions
1542

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (S)

He named the islands "Las Islas Filipinas" in honor of Prince Philip.

Treaty of Zaragoza

finalized on April 22, 1529

about the lucrative spice trade in Moluccas

Portugal won possession of the Moluccas (the Spice Islands)
after paying Spain the sum of 350,000 gold ducats.

An imaginary line was drawn from north to south at 297
1⁄2 leagues east of Moluccas. Land in the west of the line
would belong to Spain
east belong to
Portugal

World was round

Nung nalaman na bilog pala ang mundo, nagkaroon
ng adjustments sa mga sukat at sakop ng mga
bansang Portugal and Spain, kaya naganap ang
Treaty of Zaragoza.
After a year, narealize ng mga Portuguese na hindi
dapat nila binili ang Moluccas, kasi nasa side naman
talaga nila in the first place.

Villalobos' expedition

Arrived in Tendaya (Samar or Leyte)

formed alliance with Makandala

Ang ekspedisyon ni Villalobos ang pinaka
naging successful sa lahat. Sa katunayan, siya
ang nagpangalan sa Pilipinas

Bernardo dela Torre

naming of the Philippines as "Felipinas" in honor of Prince Philip

Legazpi Expedition and Success

January 1564 nakakuha ng order mula kay King
Philip na sinasabing papuntahin si Legazpi sa Pacific
Region.

March 1564 - Binasa ni Legazpi ang mga instructions
ni King Philip:
a. Explore the Filipinas, kung mayroon bang
pagkakakitaan.
b. Spread of Christianity or Evangelization.

Arrival: Cebu on February 13, 1565
Catch: Hindi naman sila nakatuloy sa Cebu
dahil may mga nakapaligid na Portuguese
Ships.
○ Kaya dumaretso muna sila sa Bohol.

Alliances: Katunao of Bohol, Urrao of Samar, Bankaw of Limasawa

Defeat: Tupas (local chieftain of Cebu) on April 27

Settlement: Ciudad de Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus)

Made peace with Tupas and
was baptized as Felipe

Triangular fort as protection
from the Portuguese attacks

Legazpi's realization with Cebu

Despite that
Cebu is a good port, the island lacked resources (e.g.
fresh water supply) to sustain the settlement of the
Spaniards. That is why they moved to Panay.

Legazpi Expedition Continuation
Move to Panay then Alvarez(Iloilo)

befriended Macabaog and
Madidong

Legazpi Expedition Continuation
Bohol

blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala

Legazpi Expedition Continuation
Manila

Sent Marshal Martin de Goiti with 120 Spaniards and 600 Panay Natives

blood compact with Matanda, Sulayman

landed and burned settlement on May 24 then returned to Panay

Intramuros, Maynila Backstory

Noong nasa Panay sila Legazpi, nakasagap sila ng
balita na kung saan mayroong magandang lugar sa
Luzon (Intramuros, Maynila), which happened to be
the center of trade and commerce, and other countries
are actually going there.
● Inutusan ang kanyang Lieutenant na si Martin
De Goiti na imbestigahan ang Maynila.
○ Natagpuan ang Maynila na may
natural bay (Manila bay and Pasig
City), natural port (District of Tondo),
and international activities.
● Hindi magkakasundo ang mga barangay sa
Maynila; ginagamit ng mga Spaniards ang
hindi pagkakasundo ng mga ito upang
makontrol lalo ang mga ito - Divide and
Conquer Strategy

Foundation of Manila Alliance

Agreed with Lakandula and
Matanda for friendship

Hindi muna nakipag kaibigan si
Sulayman

Foundation of Manila
June 3, 1571

Bangkusay
Battle (Sulayman was
defeated and eventually
made peace)

Foundation of Manila
June 24, 1571

Nueva Castilla (New Castille)
- capital of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines

- Tinawag rin niyang "Insigné Ciempré y
Leal Ciudad" or the Distinguished and
Ever Loyal City.

First Governor General of PH

Legazpi

Founding of Manila
Effects

1. Accomplished the need of the Spaniards
for more abundant food supply

2. Served as transhipment point of goods
from China and Southeast China

3. Manila is also the best suited shipping of
goods to the Spanish colonies in America
and Spain

Settlement Parian

lugar kung
saan nilalagay ng mga
Spaniards ang Chinese

Paano nasakop ang Pilipinas:

○ Spaniards are very diplomatic.
○ Datu of the barangays were given a role
called Cabeza.
■ Cabeza - taga-singil ng tax
■ Cabeza Benefits: tax exemption,
exempted to forced labor

Road to Colonization Part 1

1. Spaniards befriending local chiefs

2. SANDUGO ended freedom and started life as a colony - blood compact

3. 1571 referendum favored Spanish presence - as leaders

4. Matanda became Don Fernando Malang Balagtas and was interred in Manila Cathedral
- integration of local leaders into the Spanish colonial system.

5. Lakandula (Carlos Lacandola) ordered his chiefs to
build a house for Legazpi and gave him 14 pieces of
arms and 12 big jars of gunpowder

Road to Colonization Part 2

1. Exemption of the datus from taxes, community
labor (polo) and other impositions

2. Appointment of datus as sargento mayor, cabeza
de barangay

Decendants became caciques

3. Media anata - title fee to enjoy privileges and
titles

4. Spaniards helped the Visayans fought the Moros

5. Royal Pacification Decree in 1573 (gather info,
seek friendship, keep the children as caciques,
make arrangements with the datus to convince)

Paano nakuha ang Visayas:

○ Ganap ang mga Moro Raids (Pirates) sa
Visayas.
○ Legazpi, through his grandson, offered
protection of the Visayas Island from the
Moro Raids.
○ Kaya madaling nakuha ng Spanish ang Visayas.

Bakit nahirapan silang sakupin ang Luzon at Mindanao

Nahirapan sila kunin ang Mindanao dahil sa
mga Muslims.
Hindi nakuha ng mga Spaniards ang mga
taga-bundok, kaya na-preserve ang iba't ibang
lahi tulad ng Igorot

Road to Colonization Part 3

1. Used one native against another to stop revolts - prevent unified resistance

2. Encomiendas were given to caciques - allowing them to collect tribute from the indigenous population in exchange for protection and Christianization.

3. Encomendar "to trust"

4. Settle, educate and Christianize - primary goals of Encomienda

5. Types of Encomiendas: Royal (granted by the crown), Private (given to individual Spaniards), and Ecclesiastical (awarded to the Church).


6. Repartimiento system - repartir "to allot" - forced labor system

7. Reduccion - formed the nucleus of pueblos

8. Bajo Las Campanas - under the bells

Royal Pacification Decree

the stronghold of colonization

Reduccion

centro ng mga bayan (mga
poblacion ngayon)

conceptualized by Juan
de Plasencia (Franciscan);
pinag-aralan din ang pamumuhay ng
mga taga Laguna

■ Bell Tower - pinakamataas na
gusali sa Poblacion; serves as
communication
■ From the center, the 3 kilometer
radius is called the municipality
or town.
■ Labas ng municipality: Barrio;
taniman

Propagating the Catholic Faith
1571

Augustinian order (1571) continued to send its
missionaries to the Philippines.

Sent to Cebu, Iloilo, Manila, Pangasinan, Ilocos region

Propagating the Catholic Faith
1577

Franciscans- Southern Tagalog and Bicol

Propagating the Catholic Faith
1583

Jesuits- Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao

Propagating the Catholic Faith
1587

Dominicans- Bataan Pangasinan, Batanes, Cagayan

Propagating the Catholic Faith
1606

Recollects- Northern Mindanao, Palawan, Zambales

Paglaganap ng Kristiyanismo

Unang dating palang nila Legazpi sa Pilipinas,
mayroon ng Kristiyanismo dahil may mga kasama
siyang Augustinians

Four Friars

Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans,
Carmelites

Layunin ng mga Friars

● Sila ay may Mission.
● Main goal: Evangelization
○ Pagtuturo ng Gospels (Matthew,
Mark, Luke, and John).

Union of Church & the State in Spanish Era

Officials appointed by the king & his representative in the
colony are also defenders of the faith.

Friars & are also agents of the Spanish king Governor-General
appoint priests to theparishes

Clergy are active in the government & have political powers.

Church officials could also, serve as an acting Governor-Genera
Archbishop Fracisco dela Cuesta (1719- 1721),
Bishop Juan Arrechederra (1745- 1750),
Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta (1759- 1761)
Arcbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762)

Totoo ba ang union of Church and State noong
panahong ito?

Yes

Royal Patronage

special order given by
the dean of Spain to the governors that one
of the government's duties is to protect the
subjects and to represent the king to
colonies. One of the duties is to defend the
Catholic Faith.

○ Today's timeline: Article III, Section 5 of the
1987 Constitution.

Prohibition and inhibition is in the State.

The church (contains social obligation) cannot
separate itself from the State because all
members of the Church are part of the state.