HDFS Exam One

Behaviorism

Examine only behavior that can be observed and believe that all behavior is influenced by the physical and social environment. Also known as Learning Theory because it emphasizes how learning new behaviors as a function of their environment 

Bio-ecological Systems Theory

Poses that development is a result of the ongoing interactions among biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes within individuals and their changing contexts 

Bioecological systems Theory contexts:

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Marcrosystem

Classical Conditioning

is a form of learning in which a person or animal comes to associate environmental stimuli with physiological responses

Cognitive Development Theory 

Views children and adults as active explorers in their world, driven to learn by interaction with the world around them and organized what they learn into cognitive schemas, or concepts, ideas, and way of interacting with the world. 

Cohort

A generation of people born at the same time

Context

Refers to where and when a person develops. Encompasses many aspects of the physical and social environment, including family, neighborhood, country, and historical time period.  

Continuous Development 

Some aspects of development unfold slowly and gradually over time

Correlational Research

Permits researchers to examine relationships among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events

Cross-Sectional

compares groups of people of different ages at a single point in time

Culture

refers to a set of customs, knowledge, attitudes, and values that are shared by members of a group and are learned early in life through interactions with group members 

Discontinuous development

Characterized by abrupt change with individuals of various ages dramatically different from one another. 

Ethological Theory

Attachment that characterizes it as an adaptive behavior that evolved because it contributed to the survival of the human species.

Evolutionary developmental theory

applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about the interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand the change people undergo throughout their lives 

Experimental research

A procedure that uses control to determine causal relationships among variables. Specifically one or more variables thought to influence a behavior of interest are changes, or manipulated, while other variables are held constant. If the behavior changes as the variable changes, this suggests that the variable caused the change in the behavior.  

Hypotheses

proposed explanation for a given phenomena, that can be tested by research.

Information processing theory

A perspective that views thinking as information processing and posits that the mind works in way similar to a computer

Informed consent

participants informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate. 

Lifespan human development

The ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception to death

Longitudinal research

 assessing one group at multiple times over a span of time

Naturalistic observation

• You watch it happening in their natural habitat. preferable but inconvenient

Nature-nurture issue

Nature and nurture interact in dynamic ways to influence development

Observational learning

People learn by watching others

Open-ended interview

type of interview in which a trained interviewer uses a conversational style that encourages the participant or the person under study to expand their responses

Plasticity

development is malleable or changeable. can compensation for illness and injury. 

Psychoanalytic theories

Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses that are outside of our awareness

Reciprocal determinism

Individuals and the environment interact and influence each other

Sequential research designs

combines the best features of cross-sectional and longitudinal research by assessing multiple cohorts over time, enabling scientists to make comparisons that disentangle the effects of cohort and age.

Social learning theory

People actively process information by thinking and feeling emotion, and their thoughts and feelings influence their behavior. Bandura