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Indus River Valley Civilization
A Bronze Age civilization (circa 3300–1300 BCE) known for advanced urban planning, trade, and relatively egalitarian social structure.
Mohenjo-Daro
One of the largest cities of the Indus Valley Civilization with evidence of centralized planning and advanced urban infrastructure.
Hammurabi’s Code
One of the earliest written legal codes established in Babylon, outlining laws on family, property, and commerce.
Theocracy
A form of governance in which priests or religious leaders control the government, often believing they are acting on behalf of the divine.
Ma'at
The ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, and justice; central to their philosophy and legal system.
Cuneiform writing
The earliest known form of writing developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, characterized by wedge-shaped marks.
Confucianism
A philosophical system emphasizing ethics, family values, and social harmony, founded by Confucius in ancient China.
Phoenician alphabet
An early writing system developed by the Phoenicians that greatly influenced later alphabets, known for its simplicity and utility.
Olmec civilization
An early Mesoamerican civilization known for monumental art, including colossal heads, and likely a ruling elite with complex social structures.
Chavín culture
An ancient pre-Columbian culture in the Andes known for its religious practices and significant artistic achievements, including stone carvings.
