Infancy to Childhood

Embryonic (Week 2-8)

This stage of prenatal development is characterized by organogenesis and it is when the fetus is most vulnerable to congenital malformations.

Fetal (Week 9-Birth)

This stage of prenatal development is characterized by the functional development of organ systems

16-20th week

Movement is seen in which week of prenatal development?

18th week

Hearing is seen in which week of prenatal development?

20th week

Vision is seen in which week of prenatal development?

First 5 years

Which years of life is where most learning occurs and where most rapid brain growth and development occur?

Pruning

This is an important process in brain development where there is programmed elimination of different structures after a period of overproduction of synapses

1st year

During which year of life does peak production of synapses occur?

Critical Period

These are period that offer an opportunity for tremendous growth but is also vulnerable to disruption

Plasticity

This is a characteristic of the brain that allows one part of it to compensate for anotehr

F; Baby brain has more plasticity

T/F: In cases of brain damage due to hypoxic injury, we can expect that an adult’s brain can recover more compared to a baby’s.

T

T/F: High levels of maternal stress can give rise to babies who are irritable, hyperactive, and may develop feeding and sleeping problems

Alcohol

Case: A child is noted to have microcephaly, shortened palpebral fissures, a smooth philtrum, and a thin upper lip. In school, the child has difficulty with learning, lower-than-expected cognitive performance, poor impulse control, and problems with judgment.

Question: Exposure to what teratogenic substance may cause this?

Nicotine

Exposure to this teratogenic substance may lead to premature birth, low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

4 months

When does the moro reflex normally disappear?

4 months

When does the grasp reflex normally disappear?

4 months

When does the tonic neck or fencing reflex normally disappear?

12th month

When does the babinski reflex normally disappear?

Splinter Skill

This is a sudden change in an ability or non-conformity to the order of development and may indicate the possibility of ASD

2 months

When should Cooing normally be seen?

3-4 months

When should Babbling normally be seen?

1 year

When should 1st words normally be seen?

2 years

When should 2-word phrases normally be seen?

4 years

At what age should a child be 100% intelligible and form full sentences?

Infancy (Birth-18 months)

This stage is a period of dramatic growths also known as the “Period of Growth”. Give also the age for this stage.

Day 1

When does a newly born infant recognize the mother’s smell?

Day 3

When does a newly born infant recognize the mother’s voice?

Sensorimotor stage

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, Infancy belongs in which stage?

Object Permanence

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, what major achievement should be seen in infants?

2-4th month

When does an infant usually develop the Social Smile?

Endogenous social smile (2 Months)

Case: An infant is seen smiling whenever it sees a person’s face and it isn’t stimulated by anything in particular

Question: Using the information in the case, Identify what developmental aspect is being shown and when it normally appears

Exogenous Social Smile (4th Month)

Case: An infant is seen smiling only when it’s mother is talking to it and smiling towards it.

Question: Using the information in the case, Identify what developmental aspect is being shown and when it normally appears

Attachement

In terms of social and emotional development, this is the major milestone for infancy

Secure Attachment

Case: A 14-month-old is playing with toys while her mother sits nearby. When her mother leaves the room, the child becomes upset. When the mother returns, the child reaches for her and is quickly comforted. After calming down, she returns to playing and exploring the room.

Question: What type of attachment is demonstrated?

Insecure Avoidant

Case: A 16-month-old is playing when his mother leaves the room and shows little visible distress. When she returns, he does not seek contact and ignores her while playing independently.

Question: What type of attachment is demonstrated?

Insecure Ambivalent

Case: A 16-month old cries when a parent leaves. When the parent comes back, the child runs to them for a hug but then angrily pushes the parent away or slaps a offered toy because they are still upset. 

Question: What type of attachment is demonstrated?

Stranger Anxiety

This is a developmental behavior occurs due to the gained ability of infants to distinguish their parents from other people and begin to fear other people.

6th month

Stranger Anxiety begins at which month of life?

8th month

Stranger Anxiety peaks at which month of life?

Separation Anxiety

This developmental behavior is demonstrated when an infant is separated from the person that they are attached to where they begin to throw a tantrum

10-18 month

Separation Anxiety occurs at which months of life?

Toddler (2 yrs old)

This stage of development is marked by motor and intellectual development

F; It is an establishment of autonomy instead of defiance

T/F: A 2 year old frequently saying “NO” is a sign of defiance and should be punished

Toddler

Gender identity and Gender Role emerge at which stage of life?

Pre-school

Gender identity and Gender Role is usually solidified at which stage of life?

2 ½ yrs

Control of Daytime urination should be expected at which age?

5-7 yrs

Control of night time bladder should be expected at which age

18 months

Sphincter control should be expected at which age

3-4 yrs old

A child should be completely toilet trained by what age?

Preschool (2.5 - 6 years)

This stage of life is characterized with play where children begin to interact with people other than their parents. Identify also the age range of this stage.

Preschool

At which stage of life can you usually see a sibling rivalry begin to form?

Preoperational Stage

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, what stage can you expect preschoolers to be in where they are egocentric and have difficulty understanding conversation and logic

Parallel Play (2.5 - 3 yo)

Case: Two children are sitting beside each other in a playroom. One is building a tower with blocks while the other plays with a toy car. They occasionally watch each other but do not actually interact

Question: What type of play is demonstrated and at what age do you usually expect to see this type of play?

Cooperative Play (4 yo)

Case: Several children are playing “restaurant.” One child pretends to be the chef, another is the cashier, and another is the customer. They play with each other, share toys, and work together.

Question: What type of play is demonstrated and at what age do you usually expect to see this type of play?

Preschool

Imaginary Companions are usually seen in which stage of life?

12 yo

Imaginary Companions usually disappear by what age?

Middle Childhood (6-12 yo)

This stage of life is usually where friendships become a major source of self esteem and where they start to identify more with the same-sex parent. Identify the age range for this stage as well.

Chum Period (10 yo)

This an important period where a child seeks validation from peers a establish a close same-sex relationship. Identify also what age this period occurs

Authoritative-Reciprocal

This parenting style has been found to have the best outcomes