Untitled Flashcards Set

What are the three processes required for respiration?

Ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.

What is ventilation?

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

What is external respiration?

The gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood.

What is internal respiration?

Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.

What are three additional functions of the respiratory system?

Production of chemical mediators, protection against microorganisms, and regulation of blood pH.

What chemical mediator is produced by the lungs?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

How does the respiratory system protect the body?

Through structures such as nostril hairs and mucous membranes.

What system helps buffer blood pH changes?

The bicarbonate system.

Where is the olfactory region located?

Nasal cavity.

What role do the vocal folds play?

Voice production.

Name the two regions of the respiratory system.

Upper respiratory system and lower respiratory system.

What structures make up the upper respiratory system?

External nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

What structures are found in the lower respiratory system?

Trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

What is the conducting zone?

Area of the respiratory system where air moves but no gas exchange occurs.

What is the respiratory zone?

Area where gas exchange occurs, specifically in the alveoli.

What is the composition of the nose?

Bones and cartilage.

What are the external nares?

Openings of the nostrils where air enters the nasal cavity.

What is the nasal vestibule?

The area just inside the external nares, lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

What is the function of the nasal vestibule?

To trap large particles in the air.

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

The hard palate.

What are nasal conchae?

Ridges on the lateral sides of the nasal cavity that create turbulent airflow.

What is the purpose of the nasal meatuses?

Air passageways between the nasal conchae.

What covers the superior region of the nasal cavity?

Olfactory epithelium.

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

They help resonate sounds and provide protection.

What is the choana?

The opening at the end of the nasal cavity leading to the pharynx.

What are the functions of the nasal structures?

Warming, moistening, and trapping dust in the air.

How do mucous membranes in the nasal cavity function?

Warm air due to high vascularity, moisten air, and trap dust.

What is the length of the pharynx?

Approximately 13 cm.

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

What is the role of the soft palate?

Blocks the nasal cavity during swallowing.

What is the uvula's function?

Helps seal the passage to the nasal cavity during swallowing.

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

Equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

What types of tonsils are located in the pharynx?

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and palatine tonsils.

What distinguishes the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?

The nasopharynx primarily carries air.

What is the primary function of the laryngopharynx?

Transport both food and air.

What is the epithelium type in the nasopharynx?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

What epithelium is found in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium.

What is the role of the larynx?

Facilitates air passage, voice production, and protects the airway.

What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Covers the trachea during swallowing.

What does the thyroid cartilage form?

The Adam's apple.

What is the significance of the cricoid cartilage?

It supports the larynx and maintains an open airway.

What do the vestibular folds do?

Support the laryngeal structure and protect the airway.

What is the role of the vocal folds?

Sound production and protection during swallowing.

What are the arytenoid cartilages responsible for?

Attaching to the vocal folds and enabling their movement.

What is the structure of the trachea?

A tube supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.

What is the length of the trachea?

Approximately 12 cm.

What separates the trachea from the esophagus?

The open part of C-shaped cartilage rings.

What is a major function of the trachea?

Maintaining open airways for respiration.

What role does the carina serve?

Indicates the trachea's division into the right and left bronchi.

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

What key function do goblet cells perform in the trachea?

Secreting mucus to trap debris.

How does ciliated epithelium contribute to respiratory health?

Propels mucus towards the pharynx to remove trapped particles.

What generates sound in the larynx?

Air forced through the closed vocal folds.

What anatomical structure is formed by the space between the vocal folds?

The glottis.

How does pitch alteration occur in vocal folds?

By adjusting the tension and positioning of the vocal folds.