psych 1 - ch 9 human development

sigmund freuds psychosexual developmental theory

the energy created by survival & sexual instincts

old aged parrots love grapes

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

eriksons stages of psychosocial development

socialization development

john bowlby & mary ainsworth attachment theory

attachment was characterized by motivational & behavioral patterns

indiscriminate stage

infants show preferences to primary & secondary caregivers

discriminate stage

infants will show attachment towards one person

secure attachment

distress when separated from caregiver & happy when they return

ambivalent attachment

distressed when parent leaves, product of poor parental availability

avoidant attachment

child avoid parents, result of neglectful or abusive caregivers

disorganized attachment

confusing relationship, avoiding or resisting parent, inconsistent availability of parent

urie bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory

micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono systems

micro system

direct environment we have in our lives

mesosystem

relationships between the microsystems in ones life

exosystem

setting which there is a link between context where in the person does not have any active role and context where they are actively participating

macrosystem

culture of an individual

chronosystem

transitions and shifts in ones lifespan

sensorimotor stage

infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects

preoperational stage

kids learn through pretend play but struggle with logic and pov of others

concrete operational stage

children think more logically and become less egocentric

formal operational stage

increase in logic, ability to use deductive reasoning & understanding of abstract ideas, seeking multiple solutions

obedience and punishment

children see rules as absolute avoiding punishment

individualism and exchange

children account for individual povs and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs

interpersonal relationships

living up to social expectations & roles

maintaining social order

begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements

social contract and individual rights

account for differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people

universal principals

based upon ethical principles and abstract reasoning

lev vygotskys zone of proximal development

the range of abilities that a person can perform with assistance but cant perform independently

the more knowledgeable other

someone who has a higher level of knowledge than the learner

social interaction

peer interaction was essential in the learning process

scaffolding

providing them with the appropriate assistance and tools to accomplish a new task or skill

chromosomes

thread like bundles of tightly coiled DNA around histones that support its structure, located in nucleus

gene

biochemical instruction that is produced by group of chemical compounds within a strand of DNA

genotype

persons complete set of genes

phenotype

observable features that result from interaction between a persons genes and environment

alleles

variant of genes, 2 from each parent

homozygous

identical alleles (AA, aa)

heterozygous

different alleles (Aa)

stress

anxiety and stress during pregnancy can lead to early birth, pregnancy loss, lower birth weight

teratogen

agent that may cause abnormal prenatal development

perterm babies

have undeveloped intestinal tracts that are not mature

gross motor skills

sitting, crawling, coasting, walking, running

fine motor skills

grasping & releasing voluntarily, holding & manipulating small objects

body development

bones change in size during early development

ossification

process of bone hardening

Macronutrient mulnutrition

diet containing few calories

Micronutrient malnutrition

Deficiency in certain vitamins and/or minerals

preference technique

researcher noting how long a baby takes to look at 2 objects

habituation

decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar

piaget - object permanence

being able to know an object is still there if it is covered

a-not-b error

tendency to look for object where it was last seen rather than the place which they seen it moved to

semiotic (symbolic function)

understanding that one object or behavior can represent another

egocentrism

belief that everyone sees and experiences the world as they do

conservation

childs understanding that matter can change in apperance w/o changing in quantity

authoritarian

parents lay down rules and expect them to be followed without discussion

children lack self esteem and are overly agressive

permissive

parents accept their childs behavior and punish infrequently

children are often impulsive

authoritative

parents explain rules and encourage discussion

children have high grades, self esteem & friendliness

uninvolved

parents provide basic needs and little else

children tend to be aggressive and do poor in school

menarche

females

spermarche

males

sensation seeking

teens tend to have a heightened level of desire to experience levels of arousal

adolescent egocentrism - imaginary audience

internalized set of behavioral standards usually derived from peers

validating couples

partners with mutual respect, even in disagreements, are good listeners

volatile couples

partners who argue a lot & dont listen well but still have more positive than negative

avoidant couples

partners who agree to disagree & minimize conflict by avoiding each other

hostile/engaged couples

partners who have frequent arguments & lack balancing humor & affection

hostile/detached couples

partners who fight frequently, rarely look at each other, lack affection & support

kin keeper

family role responsible for maintaining family & friendship relationships

transitional experience

differences in child rearing philosophy

menopause

ceasing of monthly menstruation cycles in middle aged women

skeletal system

loss of calcium begins to occur

osteoporosis

loss of bone mass with age, resulting in more brittle & porous bones

cardiovascular disease

group of diseases processes in heart & circulatory system

acute myocardial infarction

sudden heart attack

atherosclerosis

narrowing of the arteries caused by deposits of a fatty substance called plaque

multigenerational caregivers aka sandwich generation

middle aged adults who provide assistance to their parents and adult children at the same time

caregiver burden

term for cumulative negative effects of caring for an elderly or disabled person

frail elderly

older adults whose physical and/or mental impairments are so extensive that they cant care for themselves

dexterity

primarily a result of arthritic changes in joints

stamina

affected by changes in cardiovascular system

pruning

Decrease in useful dendritic connections later in life

kubler ross stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance