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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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41 Terms
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Sensation
The process of detecting and transmitting stimulus energies from the environment to the brain through sensory receptors.
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Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense.
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Bottom-up processing
Processing of sensory input that begins with external stimuli and moves up to the brain for analysis.
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Top-down processing
Processing based on prior knowledge
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Sensory receptors
Specialized cells that detect and transmit sensory information to the brain.
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Photoreception
The sensory detection of light
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Mechanoreception
The detection of pressure
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Chemoreception
The detection of chemical stimuli
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Absolute threshold
The minimum amount of stimulus energy required for an organism to detect a stimulus.
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Difference threshold
The minimum difference between two stimuli that can be detected
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Weber's Law
The principle that the JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.
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Signal detection theory
A theory that explains how we detect stimuli under conditions of uncertainty
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Perceptual set
A predisposition to perceive something in a particular way
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Sensory adaptation
A reduction in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.
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Cornea
The clear
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Iris
The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.
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Pupil
The opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
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Lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina.
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Retina
The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye where photoreceptors (rods and cones) are located.
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Fovea
The central focal point in the retina
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Optic nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain for visual processing.
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Rods
Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to low light levels
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Cones
Photoreceptors in the retina that detect color and are responsible for high-acuity vision.
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Visual cortex
The area of the brain where visual information is processed.
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Feature detectors
Neurons in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus
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Trichromatic theory
A theory of color vision that suggests three types of cones are sensitive to red
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Opponent-process theory
A theory of color vision that suggests colors are perceived in opposing pairs
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Gestalt psychology
A psychological approach that emphasizes that the whole of perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
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Figure-ground relationship
A Gestalt principle where we perceive objects (figures) as distinct from their background (ground).
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Closure
A Gestalt principle where we mentally fill in gaps to perceive incomplete figures as complete.
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Proximity
A Gestalt principle that states objects close to each other are perceived as a group.
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Similarity
A Gestalt principle that states objects similar in appearance are perceived as a group.
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Perceptual constancy
The perception that objects remain constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input.
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Depth perception
The ability to perceive objects in three dimensions and judge distance.
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Binocular cues
Cues for depth perception that involve the use of both eyes
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Monocular cues
Cues for depth perception that involve only one eye
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Cochlea
A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals.
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Auditory nerve
The nerve that carries sound information from the cochlea to the brain.
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Vestibular sense
The sense responsible for balance and spatial orientation
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Kinesthetic sense
The sense of body movement and position
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Weber’s Law
The concept that the just noticeable difference (JND) is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.
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