Cell-Cycle-CellDivision.ppt (1)

Cell Division

The process by which new cells are produced for growth and to replace damaged or old cells.

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell without a membrane-bound nucleus, such as bacteria, which typically has a single, circular chromosome.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus, found in organisms like protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

DNA Replication

The process by which DNA is copied or replicated before cell division.

Chromatin

The form of DNA not visible as chromosomes when cells are not dividing.

Chromosomes

Structures composed of tightly coiled DNA that carry genetic information.

Sister Chromatids

Duplicated chromosomes that are held together by the centromere.

Karyotype

A picture of the chromosomes from a human cell arranged in pairs by size.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and DNA is replicated before cell division.

Mitosis

The division of the nucleus that occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells following mitosis.

Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction involving a single cell dividing to produce two identical daughter cells.

Sexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction involving the fusion of two gametes, resulting in offspring that are not identical to the parent cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes that are haploid.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) that are produced through meiosis.

Crossing-Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Cleavage Furrow

The indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.

Cell Plate

The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells to divide the cell.

Oncogenes

Special proteins that increase the chance of a normal cell developing into a tumor cell.

Spermatogenesis

The process of forming sperm cells in the male testes through meiosis.

Oogenesis

The process of forming egg cells in the female ovaries through meiosis.

Diploid (2n)

A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid (n)

A cell that contains a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined together.

Histones

Proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.

Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a single cell divides into two identical cells.