chapter 5

Generativity

Expanding one's concern beyond the immediate family group to the next generation

Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

The belief that adult personality reflects how an individual has met or resolved the challenges and crises that occur in eight stages of development

Adolescence

The psychological development that occurs during the period between childhood and adulthood

Teratogens

Environmental agents that can cause birth defects

Object permanence

When a child understands that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight

Cohort

Effects that are a major problem found in cross-sectional research

Accommodation

Results in adjusting old or creating new schemas when new information is encountered

Kohlberg

Collected cross-sectional data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas to study moral development

Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Cross-sectional studies are time-efficient, while longitudinal studies provide in-depth information per participant

Identity versus role confusion

Difficulty resolving the developmental stage for an adolescent who is sullen, withdrawn, and unsure of their societal role

Integrity versus despair

Stage of psychosocial development where older people reflect on the lives they have lived

Rooting

The reflex where an infant instinctively turns its head towards a stimulus that touches its cheek or mouth

Middle childhood

Developmental stage covering ages 6-12 years

Continuous

Describing a child's incremental progress towards walking ability

Authoritarian

Parenting style characterized by coldness and rejection

Babinski reflex

Reflex related to nervous system integration

Initiative versus guilt

Stage of psychosocial development where children enjoy initiating activities and mastering new tasks

Epigenetics

Phenomenon where identical twins reared in different environments show different genetic expressions despite having identical DNA

Continuous

Term describing a 5% height gain observed in children aged 12-16

Piaget

Researcher who described mental structures called schemas as frameworks for thinking about the world