Urinary Mid term

1 L fluid = ____ ml = _______g = ____ kg = ______ pounds

1000ml, 1000g, 1kg, 2.2 pounds

60:40:20 Rule

60 % of body weight is water
40% of body weight is intracellular fluid
20% of body weight is extracellular fluid

There is a higher precent body water in what animals

Young and lean

Transcellular fluid compartment

specialized type of extracellular fluid (ex bile, cerebrospinal fluid, glandular secretions)

Between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments fluids moves due to

Osmosis

Osmole

1 mole of any fully dissociated substance dissolved in water, (1 mol of NaCl =2 (1 osmole of Na and 1 osmole of Cl)

Between intraveascular and interstitial fluid compartmetns water moves due to

Starling forces

Kidneys have what kinds of capillaries

Fenestrated

Colloid osmotic/ Oncotic pressure

protein osmotic pressure

Starling forces

the 4 primary forces that determine whether fluid will move out of the capillary lumen into the intestitial fluid or in the opposite direction

The Four forces of starling forces

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Capillary Oncotic pressure
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)

One of the four starling forces
The pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a capillary

Capillary oncotic pressure

One of the four starling forces
Osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins (albumin)

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif)

One of the four starling forces
The pressure exerted by interstitial fluid agaisnt the wall of the capillary

Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure

One of the four starling forces

Osmotic pressure generated by proteins in interstitial fluid

in health, the osmolarity in mammals is

~300 mOsm/L in each compartment

Na/K ATPase maintains

high K intracellularly
Low Na Intracellullarly

Why isn’t there any glucose in intracellular fluid

glucose is phosphorylated as soon as it enters the intracellular space

Osmolarity is _____ between compartments but ______ solutes contribute to it

Similar between compartments but different solutes contribute to it

The most abundant extracellular ions are

Na and Cl

The most abundant ion intracellularly is

K

________________________ move across the capillary wall and have the same concentrations in plasma and interstitial fluid

Small dissolved molecules

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the main force favoring

fluid movement from the capillary to the interstitium

Interstitial fluid oncotci pressure is the main force favorign

fluid movement from the interstitum to the capillary

Net filtration pressure determines

net fluid movement

Compare capilary adn interstital forces

Capilary forces are stronger

Flitration is _____ than reabsorption causing

greater than reabsorption causing interstitial fluid going into the lymphatic vessels

What can contribute to edema (5)

Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, increase in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, increased capillary wall permeability to albumin

Albumin

most abundant plasma protein, carries hormones, ions and drugs, syntehsized by hepatocytes

Osmolarity

the total concentration of solutes in a solution

Tonicity

capability of an extracellular solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

Two chactertisctic that impact tonicity

Osmolarity, permeability of cell membranes to solute

__ is the primary nonpenetrating solute of extracellular fluids and why

NaCL as NA/K -ATPases pump Na out at roughly the same rate as it comes in

Species variations in gross appearance of the kdiney si due to

1. fusion pattern of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme

2. The branching pattern of the metanephric diverticulum

Arterial Blood supply of the kdiney

renal artery → segmental branches -. Interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → interlobular arteries → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries of the cortex and peritubualr capillaries and vasa recta of teh medula

Carnivore kdineys are uni__ and Uni_____

Unilobular (completely fused lobes) adn unipyramidal (fusion of the medullary paillae on the midline froms the reneal crest)

Dfiference between a feline and canine kidney

Felines - capsular veins (visible)
Canines - Subcapsuar veins (invisible)

Location of canine kidneys

Rt - ~ T13 - L2
Lt - caudal by ½ kidney length

feline kidney placemnt

Rt - L1-L4
Lt - L2-L5

Feline kidney palpation

mobile (left kidney more) are palpable and may be mistake for tumors or fetuses

Renal hilu

concavity where ureter, vessels and nerves enter/exit organR

Renal Sinus

The fat filled space that surrounds the renal pelvis at the level of the hiluR

Renal crest

the longistuidnal ridge of the medullar formed by the fusion of the renal medullary papillae tht projects inot the renal pelvis

Renal Pelvis

the expanded initial portion of the ureter within the kidney

Pelvis recesses

the lateral folds of the renal pelvis

Hydronephrosis

atrophy of tissue due to fluid pressure of backed-up urine

Ureters - Females

In the pelvic region- Pass through the broad ligament of the uterus

Near the cervix of the uterus - they enter the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder

Ureters - Males (pass through what ligament and how)

Pelvic Region - the ureters cross dorsal to the ductus deferens and pass through the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder

Ureters empty into the urinary bladder via

ureteral orifice near the neck of the bladder at the urinary trigone
Penetrate the dorsal wall of the urinary bladder

Urinary Trigone boundaries

Lumen of urinary bladder, Ureteric orifices, Internal urethral orifice

The empty urinary bladder lies mostly on _______ but when full by any degree it lies on_____

Empty - pelvic floor
Full - ventral abdominal wall

Urinary bladder ligaments

1 median ligament, 2 lateral ligaments

Urinary Bladder blood supply

Caudal vesicle artery (from prostatic/vaginal artery) ± cranial vesicle artery

Male urethra - pelvic portion

between neck of the bladder to the root of penis and has prostiatc componenet that passes through the prostate gland

Male portion - Penile portion

from root of penis to the distal end of glans

Felmale Urethra

Pelvic protion only neck of bladder → external urethral orifice

Urethral tubercle

a projection on the ventral floor of the vaginovestibular junction

If there is a chage in extracelular fluid osmolarity then a ____ must occur

water shift

Brain cells shrink then ____ shrinks

brain, brain parenchyma pulls away from dura mater

If brain shrinkage due to hypertonic extracellular fluid is severe it can lead to

hemorrhagic stroke - repture penetrating blood vessesl

Mannitol helps treat ____ becuase it

brain swelling, it is a nonpenetrating solute that can be used for a hyperosmotic solution and then excreted by the kidneys

Glucose solutions can be used for _____ becuase

uptake of water by the cells, it starts off isotonic but then is taken up by the cells and can be safely given without concern for changes in blood cell volume

Urea premeablity

highly permeable in almost every cell due to urea transporters and is bidirectional

Dehydration definition

loss of total body water and produces hyertonicity
Implies intracellular volume contraction

Volume depletion or volume contraction

deficit in extracellular fluid volume
Implies blood volume contraction

Idiogenic osmoles

Osmotically active molecules that are produced by the brain to help adapt to hypermatremia after 12 hrs

Ox kidney postion

Right - last rib (T13) and 1st three lumbar transverse processes
Left - caudal and ventral to right kidney, ventral to 2nd - 5th lumbar transverse processes

How does kidney postion in bovine change with maturation

The left kidney is pushed to the right side as the rumen expands

Kidney postion - Equine

Right - last 3 ribs and 1st lumbar transverese process
Left - Last rib and 1st three lumbar transverse processes

Equine kidney shapes

Left - bean (LL bean)
Right - Heart shaped

Why is the right kidney is a horse heart shapped

it is compressed between liver and base of cecum

Equine kidneys ____lobar with a _____ pelvis and _____ renal crest

Unilobar, smal pelvis, short renal crest

Bovine kidney shapes

Right - irregualrly oval and flattened dorsoventrally
Left - shaped like a twisted pyramid pointed cranially and thickened caudally

Bovine kidneys don;t have a renal pelvis, renal crest or major/minor calyces instead it

branching ureters that terminate as calyces

Urachus

fetal connection between the urinary bladder and the allantoic cavity via the umbilicus

Female suburethral diverticulum is found in

cow and sow only, NOT in equine

How to place a catheter in female cows and sows

place a finger in the diverticulum and passs the catheter dorsal to the finger to catheterize the urinary bladder of the cow

Urethral diverticulum

in male ruminants and pigs and is associated with the ducts of the bulbourethral gland and blocks catheterization

Urethral process

an extension of the urethra outside of the glans penis
In bulls, rams, bucks

The PRIMARY funciton of the kidneys

to regulate the extracellular fluid volume and composition

Kidneys impact on systemic blood pressure

Systemic blood pressure = Cardiac output (Kidneys determine blood volume) x vascular resistance (kidneys regulate production of vasoactive substance)

All Functions of kidneys (7)

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

2. regulation of extracellular fluid volume and systemic blood pressure

3. Regulation of acid-base balance

4. excretion of metabolic waste and foreign substances

5. regulation of RBC production

6. regulation of vit D production, and Ca and phosphate balance

7. Gluconeogenesis

Funcitonal unit of the kidney

nephron

Renal Corpuscle is made up of

Glomerulus, Golmerular, capsular space

The cortex portion of the nephron includes the

renal corpuscles, coiled blood vessels, and coiled tubules

The medulla portion of the nephron contains

stragith blood vessels and straight tubules

Four step general process of kidey funciton

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secertion

4. Excretion

Glomerulus function

massive filatration of almost exclusively water and small molecules

The Glomerular capillary network has _____ (high/low) capillary hydrostatic pressure and favors

High, favors filtration

The post glomerular capillaries have ____ (High/low) capillary hydrostatic pressure and favors

Low, favors reabsorption

Post-glomerular capillaries include

peritubular capillaries and vasa recta capillaries

Renal Plasma flow (RPF)

the volume of blood plasma passing through the kidneys per min

Filtration fraction

GFR/ renal plasma flow
The percent of water and small molecules that will be filtered into the bowman’s space

In health, GFR is

2-4 mL/min/kg

Tubules are made of ______ and are connected by ______

a single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane and are connected by tight junctions

Na-K ATPase pumps impact on movement of substances

The increase of Na outside of the cell establishes an electrochemical gradient used for both reabsorptiona nd secretion as NA is crucial to the transport of virtually all other substances

Na and other solutes will move down the electrochemical gradient via (2)

Paracellular - through the tight junctions
Transcellular - across the tubular epithelial cells

Transcellular passage of substances can be throguh

active transport, osmosis, diffusion/ secondary active transport (solute)P

Paracellular passage of substance can be through

diffusion and osmosis

Cortical Nephrons

short loops of henle, do not reach inner medullar, short peritubular capillaries