Ap World Unit 7

Which of the following best characterizes the significance of the events in Russia in the winter of 1917?

They started a process that eventually led to a communist revolution.

Which of the following events that preceded the outbreak of the First World War best explains why Russian troops were being mobilized against Austria-Hungary?

Russia was acting in support of Serbia, which was facing an imminent Austro-Hungarian attack following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The passage can best be used to explain the role of which of the following in bringing about the First World War?

Rival great power alliances

Wilhelm II's assurances that "nobody is threatening the honor or power of Russia" and that the tsar can "well afford" to await the results of attempts to defuse the crisis best testify to the importance of which of the following factors in the outbreak of the First World War?

Intense nationalism, fueled by mass media, often forced the hand of military and political leaders.

In the context of the late 1930s, Hitler's general message shows how

imperialist aspirations contributed to motivating the policies of fascist states

The point of view that Hitler expresses is most directly significant in helping to explain how which of the following contributed to starting the Second World War?

The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Bloody Sunday 1905

Peaceful protest against the czar where protesters are shot by the army, forces reforms- cause of the revolution

Revolution of 1905 (Russia)

Nicholas II failed to fix the political, economic and social problems in Russia; result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

He was in line to become the next leader of the Austria-Hungarian throne. His assassination led to the first World War.

Gavrilo Princip

Member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Militarism

glorification of war and the armed forces

Secret Alliances

Groups whose members secretly agree to protect and help one another when attacked

Triple Entente (Allies)

Great Britain, France, Russia who all viewed Germany as the enemy

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy who were allies during WWI

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria - allies during WWI

Self-Determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Conscription

compulsory enlistment into the military, typically into the armed forces

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. Characteristic of WWI

Stalemate on the Western Front

trench warfare/new technology led to many casualties and little offensive movements (a tie) on the battlegrounds between France and Germany during WWI

U-boat

a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

A telegram Germany sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. during WWI

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Global War

A war where almost everyone is involved, all across the globe (due to the fact that European and American powers had colonies all over the world and forced indigenous people to fight)

ANZAC

The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, which was a combined force of Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers in WWI

Gallipoli Campaign

(1915) Failed attempt by the Allies in World War I to take control of the Dardanelles

Paris Peace Conference 1919

Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1

Fourteen Points (1918)

A list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War I

League of Nations (1919)

A world organization of national governments proposed by President Woodrow Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It worked to facilitate peaceful international cooperation. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, isolationists' objections to the League created the major obstacle to American signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise to power in Germany in the 1930s.

deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Russian Civil War (1918-1921)

War in Russia between Red Russians, who supported the communist revolution of the new Bolshevik government, and the White Russians, who were loyal army officers fighting the revolution. The White Russians also received help from the Allies. But under Trotsky's leadership, the Red Army eventually wins.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

Conflict between the Fascist forces of Gen. Franco and the Loyalist gov't; Mussolini and Hitler helped in order to use Spain as testing ground for bombs

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed by German and Italian forces; it was full of innocent civilians, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Luftwaffe

the German air force before and during World War II

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

May Fourth Movement

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Zionists

Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

Democratic government established in Germany after World War I. By the late 1920s, the Weimar Republic had almost entirely lost public support (rampant inflation contributes to this). German political groups on the left and the right targeted the Republic as an ineffective government Hitler and the Nazi contended that the German army had not lost World War I on the field, but on the home front. Dissatisfaction with Weimar Republic led to Hitler gaining power.

Sudentland

A region in western Czechoslovakia which Hitler wanted to annex, and the other leaders let him believing that would be the end of his demands (appeasement)

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Germany and Great Britain in which Hitler is given the Sudetenland in return for agreeing not to take any more territory.

Rome-Berlin Axis

the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east.

Appeasement of Hitler

The Allies allowed Hitler to invade Czechoslovakia hoping it would prevent war

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

Lend-Lease Act

US agreed to supplied other Allied countries with food, oil, and materials during WWII

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Siege of Leningrad

(1941-1942) Nazi army's unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Leningrad in the Soviet Union during World War II; as many as 1 million civilians perished during the siege

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Battle of El Alamein

1942-British victory in WWII that stopped the Axis forces from advancing into Northern Africa

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Battle of Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Battle of the Bulge

A 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Destroyers for Bases

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

aircraft carrier

ships that accommodate the taking off and landing of airplanes, and transport aircraft - new technology during WWII

Bombing of Dresden

When the allied fired bombed a cultural city in Germany, killing as many as 135,000 civilians

Armenian Genocide

The massacre of Armenians conducted by the Young Turks during WWI; more than half of Armenian population annihilated

Rape of Nanking (1937)

Nanking (Chinese city) is raided by Japanese military, where they raped Chinese women and used citizens for bayonet practice.

Holocaust/Final Solution

was Nazi Germany's plan during WWII to annihilate the Jewish people, the Holocaust- the destruction of Jewish communities in continental Europe. Massacres of about 1 million Jews.

Spanish Flu Epidemic

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing about 1/3 of the world's population.