CH. 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation

Structural organization from smallest to largest (separate each with …<… without spaces)

chemical<cellular<tissue<organ<organ system<organism

Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, site of cutaneous receptors

• (Pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

integumentary system

Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, blood cells formed within bones, stores minerals

skeletal system

Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat

muscular system

Fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes, activates muscles and glands

nervous system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate:

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Nutrient use

endocrine system

Blood vessels transport blood

• Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

• It also carries nutrients and wastes

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

cardiovascular system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, returns fluid to blood, disposes of debris in the ____ _____, houses white blood cells, mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

lymphatic system

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

respiratory system

Breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

digestive system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

urinary system

Overall function is to produce offspring, testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus, mammary glands produce milk

reproductive system

What position is this?

anatomical position

What region is this?

appendicular region

What region is this?

axial region

1

cephalic

2

frontal

3

orbital

4

nasal

5

oral

6

mental

7

cervical

8

otic

9

occipital

10

thorax

11

sternal

12

axillary

13

mammary

14

abdomen

15

umbilical

16

pelvic

17

inguinal

18

pubic

19

upper limb

20

acromial

21

brachial

22

antecubital

23

olecranal

24

antebrachial

25

carpal

26

manus

27

metacarpal

28

palmar

29

pollex

30

digital

31

lower limb

32

coxal

33

femoral

34

patellar

35

popliteal

36

crural

37

sural

38

fibular/peroneal

39

pedal

40

tarsal

41

calcaneal

42

metatarsal

43

digital

44

plantar

45

hallux

46

dorsum

47

scapular

48

vertebral

49

lumbar

50

sacral

51

gluteal

52

perineal

53

anterior/ventral

54

posterior/dorsal

above

superior

below

inferior

toward the midline of the body/on the inner side of

medial

away from the midline of the body/on the outer side of

lateral

closer to origin of body part/point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

proximal

farther from the origin of the body part/point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

on the same side

ipsilateral

toward or at the front of the body/in front of

anterior/ventral

toward or at the back of the body/behind

posterior/dorsal

toward or at the body surface

superficial/external

away from the body surface/more internal

deep/internal

A

frontal plane

B

sagittal plane

C

transverse plane

Sagittal plane that runs along the midline

midsagittal plane

A sagittal plane offset from the midline

parasagittal plane

6 features of the human body plan: inner tube from mouth to anus; outer tube with axial skeleton

tube-within-a-tube body plan

6 features of the human body plan: mirror image

bilateral symmetry

6 features of the human body plan: hollow nerve cord that develops into brain and spinal cord

dorsal hollow nerve cord

6 features of the human body plan: stiffening rod that is replaced by backbone (___ and ___)

notochord and vertebrae

6 features of the human body plan: repeating units of similar structure from the head along the full length of the trunk

segmentation

6 features of the human body plan: pouches in pharynx during embryonic stage that gives rise to some structures in the head and neck, such as the middle ear cavity

pharyngeal pouches

back cavity subdivided into 2 cavities: cranial and vertebral

dorsal cavity

lies in the skull and contains the brain

cranial cavity

runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord

vertebral cavity

frontal body cavity that contains the lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys (visceral organs); subdivided into 2 cavities: thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity (which is further subdivided into 2 other categories, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity)

ventral body cavity

cavity with liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs

abdominal cavity

cavity with the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

pelvic cavity

The _____ _____ of the ventral body cavity is comprised of 3 parts: two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity, and (b) a central band of organs called the mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity and other major thoracic organs, such as the esophagus and trachea (windpipe).

Thoracic cavity

a slitlike space lined by a serous membrane

serous cavity

outer wall of serous cavity

parietal serosa