ImmunoSero Lec - Comprehensive (3rd Year - 1st Sem: Comprehensive)

Immunis, meaning "exempt"

Latin term for Immunity and its meaning

Thucydides

A Greek historian who described a plague in Athens

430 BC

When did Thucydides described a plague in Athens?

Thucydides

He noted that, only those who had recovered could nurse the sick because they did not contract the disease a second time

Variolation (15th Century)

It is a Chinese and Turkish Contribution which was an attempt to Induce Immunity for smallpox

Dried smallpox crusts inhaled or inserted into cuts

How was variolation administered?

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1718)

This person observed variolation in Turkey, who then had her own children variolated and advocated smallpox inoculation to Britain

Edward Jenner (1798)

He noticed that milkmaids with cowpox seem to be immune in acquiring smallpox

Vaccinia virus

What is another name for cowpox?

Variola virus

What is another name for smallpox?

Edward Jenner (1798)

Who experimented on a 8 year old boy, which he inoculated with cowpox fluid who then became immune to smallpox

Poxviridae

The cowpox and smallpox viruses belong to what family?

Memory cells

Because of the antigenic similarity between cowpox and smallpox viruses, what cells are generated in response to cowpox, that can recognize and respond to smallpox virus if it later enters the body

Louis Pasteur

Who is the father of Immunology?

Louis Pasteur

Who noted that old bacterial cultures caused illness but not death in chickens and fresh culture killed unexposed chickens, but not those previously exposed

Aging weakens pathogen virulence thus weakened (attenuated) strains provide immunity

What is the Hypothesis of Louis Pasteur when he noticed that old bacterial cultures caused illness but not death in chickens?

Vaccine

What did Louis Pasteur call the attenuated strains?

Anthrax Experiment

What experiment did Louis Pasteur do when he vaccinated a sheep with heat-attenuated anthrax bacteria where the vaccinated sheep survived and unvaccinated sheep died?

Sheep

What was the test subject of Louis Pasteur when he did his Anthrax Experiment?

Heat-attenuated anthrax bacteria

What did Louis Pasteur vaccinate on the sheep when performing his Anthrax Experiment?

Bacillus anthracis

What bacteria causes Anthrax?

Louis Pasteur

Who invented the first Rabies Vaccine?

1885

When was the first Rabies Vaccine invented?

Joseph Meister

Who was the first to receive the Rabies Vaccine?

To treat rabies victims and it continues to focus on the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases

The Pasteur Institute in 1887 was founded to treat what?

1887

When was the Pasteur Institute established?

Pasteur Institute (1887)

This was Founded to treat rabies victims

Herd Immunity

The resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

Somalia, 1977

Where and when was the last known case of naturally acquired smallpox?

Universal vaccination

How was Smallpox eradication achieved?

Smallpox Eradication

This remains among the most notable and profound public health successes in history

• Intramuscular administration
• Oral Polio Vaccine

Two types of Polio Vaccine

Jonas Salk

Who developed the first effective vaccine against polio?

Jonas Salk

Who invented the polio vaccine where it is Intramuscular administrated, and it is an Inactivated/Killed form of the virus

Albert Sabin

Who invented the polio vaccine where it is taken orally that is a live attenuated vaccine

Walter Reed (1900)

Who demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes?

Female Aedes aegypti

In 1900, Walter Reed demonstrated that yellow fever is transmitted by what type of mosquito?

Max Theiler (1951)

Who developed a live, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever?

Humoral immunity

They are a specific type of immune response mediated by antibodies which are produced by B cells as they circulate in body fluids

Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato (1890)

Who demonstrated that immune protection could be transferred via serum?

Serum

Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that immune protection could be transferred via what portion of the blood?

• Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity

Two types of humoral immunity?

Active Immunity

A type of immunity where it produces one's own immunity through exposure to antigens and provides a long-lasting protection via memory cells

Passive Immunity

A type of immunity where it is the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, often used in emergencies

Maternal antibodies

Newborns receive passive immunity via?

Passive Immunity

A type of immunity that is Short-lived and limited

Active Immunity

A type of immunity that is long-lasting and can last years or decades

Side-Chain Theory

A theory of antibody formation where cells express a variety of receptors that can bind to infectious agents and inactivate them

Paul Ehrlich in 1900

Who proposed the side chain theory?

Lock-and-Key Fit

A theory of antibody formation where receptor binds to an infectious agent is like the fit between a lock and key

Emil Fischer (1894)

Where was the concept for the Lock-and-Key Fit borrowed from?

Elvin Kabat (1930s)

He showed that gamma globulin is responsible for these activities in humoral immunity

Immunoglobulins

They are crucial in humoral immunity

Immunoglobulins or Antibodies

Gamma globulin is know called?

Sir Rodney Porter & Gerald Edelman

Who discovered the structure of immunoglobulins?

Cellular Immunity

Immune response that relies on T cells to destroy infected body cells

Elie Metchnikoff (1883)

Who Identified phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity?

Phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity

In 1883, what did Elie Metchnikoff identified?

Elie Metchnikoff (1883)

Who hypothesized that cells, not just serum components, are key to immunity?

Phagocytosis

A process by which unicellular organisms engulf and digest foreign particles for nutrition

Ernst Haeckel

Who coined the term "phagocytosis" in 1882?

Pseudopodia

During phagocytosis, the bacterium becomes attached to the membrane called?

Phagosome

During phagocytosis, the bacterium ingested forms a vesicle, called?

Lysosomes

During phagocytosis, what does the phagosome fuse with?

Lysosomal enzymes

During phagocytosis, the bacterium is killed and digested by what?

Humoral immunity

What type of immunity secretes antibodies that defend against extracellular pathogens?

Cell-mediated immunity

What type of immunity defend against infected cells, cancers, and transplant tissues?

T cell

What type of cell does Cell-mediated immunity rely on?

B cell

What type of cell does Humoral immunity rely on?

Immunology

The study of a host's reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

Immune system

It is the structures, cells, and the soluble constituents of the circulating blood that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as antigens

Immunity

The condition of being resistant to infection

▪ Defending the body against infections
▪ Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
▪ Defending the body against the development of tumors

Role of the immune system

Antigens (immunogen)

A foreign substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A specific glycoproteins produced in response to antigenic challenge

Immunity

Developed from observations of recovery and subsequent protection from certain infectious diseases. Derived from the Latin term immunis, meaning 'exempt.'

Thucydides

Greek Historian in 430 BC who described a plague in Athens and noted that only those who had recovered could nurse the sick because they did not contract the disease a second time.

Variolation

First attempts to induce immunity in the 15th century by inhaling or inserting dried smallpox crusts. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed variolation in Turkey and advocated smallpox inoculation to Britain.

Edward Jenner (1798)

Noticed that milkmaids with cowpox (Vaccinia virus) seemed to be immune to acquiring smallpox (Variola virus). Inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox fluid, making the boy immune to smallpox.

Louis Pasteur

Father of Immunology who noted that old bacterial cultures caused illness but not death in chickens. He discovered that fresh culture killed unexposed chickens but not those previously exposed, leading to the hypothesis that weakened (attenuated) strains provide immunity.

Herd Immunity

Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

Smallpox Eradication

Notable public health success achieved through universal vaccination, with the last known case of naturally acquired smallpox in Somalia in 1977.

Vaccine Success

Achievement highlighted in the history of immunology, emphasizing the effectiveness and importance of vaccines in public health.

Polio Vaccine (1949)

Historical vaccine development against polio, with Jonas Salk developing the first effective intramuscular, inactivated/killed vaccine, and Albert Sabin creating the oral polio vaccine (OPV), a live attenuated vaccine.

Yellow Fever Vaccine

Vaccine history involving Walter Reed's demonstration of yellow fever transmission by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in 1900 and Max Theiler's development of a live, attenuated vaccine against yellow fever in 1951.

Humoral Immunity

Immune protection transfer demonstrated by Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato in 1890, leading to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for showing serum transfer of immune protection.

Active Immunity

Immunity produced by one's exposure to antigens, providing long-lasting protection through memory cells, lasting years or decades, exemplified by vaccination.

Passive Immunity

Transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, offering short-lived and limited protection compared to active immunity, commonly seen in newborns receiving maternal antibodies.

Antibody Formation

Involves the Side-Chain Theory proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900, where cells express receptors that bind to infectious agents, and the Lock-and-Key Fit concept borrowed from Emil Fischer to describe receptor binding to infectious agents.

Immunoglobulins

Elvin Kabat (1930s) showed gamma globulin (now immunoglobulin) is responsible for these activities. Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are crucial in humoral immunity.

Antibody Structure

Sir Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman (1972) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their work in discovering the structure of immunoglobulins.

Cellular Immunity

Elie Metchnikoff (1883) identified phagocytes (white blood cells) as contributors to immunity. He hypothesized that cells, not just serum components, are key to immunity.

Phagocytosis

Ernst Haeckel coined the term 'phagocytosis' in 1882, describing it as a process by which unicellular organisms engulf and digest foreign particles for nutrition.

Immunology

Immunology is the study of a host's reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Immune System

The immune system includes structures, cells, and soluble constituents that allow the host to recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as antigens, thus being resistant to infection.

Antigen

Antigens are foreign substances that can stimulate the production of antibodies. They can bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins or bind to the surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

Antibodies

Antibodies are specific glycoproteins produced in response to antigenic challenge. They have a wide range of specificities for different antigens and can neutralize bacterial toxins or bind to the surfaces of pathogens.

• Primary Lymphoid Organs
• Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Organs of the immune system

• Bone marrow
• Thymus

What is within the Primary Lymphoid Organs

▪ Spleen
▪ Lymph nodes
▪ Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
▪ Cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)

What is within the Secondary Lymphoid Organs