Conditions of the Rumen and Reticulum

Produce VFA (Cleave B1-4glycosidic linkage)

Synthesisze Vit B

Produce vital proteins for host

What are benefits of the rumen microbiome?

Buffers the acids generated by fermentation,

Provides phosphate for ATP

Provides Nitrogen for protein synthesis

What does a ruminants saliva do for the rumen microbiome?

Acetic 60% (milkfat)

Propionic 20% (glucogenic)

Butyric acid 15% (bacterial)

What 3 VFA does cellulose produce when digested by the rumen?

More propionate

What VFA do high concentration rations produce when digested in thr rumen?

Flora activity (is animal anorexic?)

Flora imbalances (grain overload?)

Subclinical acidosis

Intoxications

What is ruminal fluid analysis used for?

Fenestrated pipe placed into rumen to the bottom, and oro-ruminal tube passed through pipe and cyphoned into bucket

How is rumen fluid collected from a fistualted cow?

Frick speculum protects tube, head facing down and tub advanced 200ml aspirated

How is rumen fluid collected from a oro-ruminal tube?

Alkaline saliva can increase pH reading

What can a too small sample of ruminal fluid collected via oro-ruminal tube cause?

4-6" 14-16G needle advanced into the ventral sac of rumen aseptically

WHow is rumen fluid collected from a ruminocentesis?

Avoids salivary contamination

Poss contamination to peritoneal cavity

What are benefits of a ruminocentesis? Cons?

Forage: Olive green/ brown - rich odor

Grain/silage: Tan/green

Acidosis: yellow/grey - sour odor

What color and odor of ruminal fluid would you expect of the following diets?

Forage:

Grain/silage:

Acidosis:

Lower

Starches and sugars as well as finly chopped feeds tend to ___ the pH?

Grain -> 2-4hrs

TMR ->4-8hrs

When is the pH the lowest after a grain meal? TMR?

4-6hrs post death

When is the rumen pH no longer viable in a cadaver?

6.2-7.0

What is the pH range for a forage diet?

5.7-6.5

What is the pH range for a grain diet?

-

+

In a forage diet gram ____ will be the primary type of bacteria in rumen fluid, in grain diet/ overload gram ___ will be the primary type?

Holotrichs - large

Entodiniomorphs - small

In an acidois ____ protizoa will die first and at a pH of 5.7 _____ will die off?

Insufficent nutrients

Acidosis

Toxins

Name 3 reasons why you may have inacctive or absent protizoa in fresh ruminal fluid?

Meausres Redox potentia/ metabolic capacity (normal if blue disapears b/4 6 mins)

What does the methylene blue reduction test do?

10-25mEq/l

What is normal rumin fluid Cl- concentration?

Internal vomiting - HCl into rumen

Why do we check rumen chloride concentrations?

Abomasal displacement

Pyloric obstruction

What can cause internal vomiting?

Dramatic fall in milk production

Cranial abd pain - taut abd, refusal to turn sharp corners

What are clinical signs of Tramatic reticuloperitonitis?

Muffled heart sounds

Pericardial splash

Pleural fluid w/o pericardial fluid - radiating heartbeat

Edema of the brisket (R-sided heart failure)

What are some PE findings of Tramatic reticulopericarditis?

U/S

Abdominocentesis -> if reticular abscess (high-protein fluid) low protozoa activity

How is traumatic reticuloperitonitis DX?

High L flank laparotomy W/ distal paravertebral analgesia

- prevent leakage of rumen into peritoneum

How is traumatic reticuloperitonitis treated?

Magnet

Tulathromycin - extra label -> monitor withdraw from milk products

oral fluids

Flunixin meglumine

Ruminal fluid transfusion

What is medical managment of TRP if O declines sx?

SLOW - up to 4w for milk production ot improve

ABX tx alone likely wont improve

What is recovery for traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Liver abscess

Endocarditis

Chronic suppurative pneumonia

Pleural abscess

What are 4 other things on your Ddx if you are suspecting if there is omasum or diaphragm involvement w/ traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

T. pyogenes

What is the most common bacteria to form abscesses in cattle w/ TRP

Magnets prophylacitcally

What is used to contorl traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

1. Esophageal obstructions

2. Swapped from forage to high grains

What are two common causes of free gas bloat?

Alfalfa

Clovers

Wheat

What types of legums often cause frothy bloat?

Vagal defects

Hardware dz/ obstruction

Post-weaning issues -> lack of rumen development

What are possible causes of chronic free gas bloat?

Abd distension - L paralumbar fossa

Gasping

Tail raised (position for Urination/ defication)

What are clinical signs of bloat?

Extremities/ upper esophagus - hemorrhagic

Rumen/abd/ lower esophagus - pale

Prolappsed rectum/ vagina

What are the typical findings on necropsy w/ bloat?

Stomach tub - can theraputic

How is free gas bloat dx?

Rumenotomoy/ troncarizaton

Stomach tube - poloxalne -> detergent/ surfactant

How is frothy bloat tx?

Temporary fistula - 4-6 w to heal

How is chronic bloat tx?

Poloxalene

Dry roughage/ reduced intake

abx (Pen/ tetracyclinesa) -> resistance quick

How is bloat prevented?