World history final

Feudalism

Political and military system where land was exchanged for loyalty and service between lords and vassals

Manorialism

Economic system of self

Catholic Church

(Medieval Europe) Dominant religious institution that shaped politics, education, and daily life

Papal Authority

The power of the pope over religious and political matters

Crusades

Religious wars that increased trade and weakened feudalism

Black Death

Pandemic that reduced population and weakened the feudal system

Decline of Serfdom Labor shortages

gave peasants more economic power and mobility

Renaissance

Cultural revival focused on classical learning and human potential

Humanism

Intellectual movement emphasizing education, classical texts, and individual achievement

Printing Press

Technology that allowed ideas to spread quickly and increased literacy

Church Corruption

Abuses within the Church that led to criticism and calls for reform

Indulgences

Payments made to reduce punishment for sins

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement challenging Catholic authority and beliefs

Martin Luther

Reformer who argued salvation comes through faith alone

Justification by Faith

Belief that salvation is achieved through faith, not good works

John Calvin

Reformer who emphasized predestination

Predestination

Belief that God has already chosen who will be saved

Henry VIII

English ruler who broke from the Catholic Church

English Reformation

Creation of a national church under royal authority

Counter

Reformation

Jesuits

Catholic order focused on education and missionary work

Nation

State

Age of Exploration

Period of European overseas expansion and discovery

Motives for Exploration

Desire for wealth, religious spread, and national glory

Navigation Technology

Advances that made long

Caravel

Fast, maneuverable sailing ship used by explorers

Trade Routes

Sea pathways used to access valuable goods

Colonization

Process of settling and controlling foreign lands

Christopher Columbus

Explorer whose voyages connected Europe and the Americas

Spanish Empire

Overseas empire built through conquest and colonization

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between continents

Impact on Indigenous Peoples

Population decline and cultural disruption from disease and conquest

Ferdinand Magellan

Leader of the first expedition to travel around the world

Circumnavigation

Traveling completely around the Earth

Global Trade Networks

Interconnected systems linking continents through trade

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who founded a permanent settlement in North America

French Colonization

Settlement focused on trade and alliances

Fur Trade

Economic system based on trading animal pelts

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies exist to benefit the mother country

Competition Among European Powers

Rivalry for land, resources, and global influence

Atlantic World

Network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas